La objetividad es un atributo necesario que debe detallarse claramente para satisfacer los propósitos científicos de todo proyecto de evaluación en ciencias de la salud, ciencias sociales y educación, así como en cada una de las etapas de producción y uso de las pruebas estandarizadas. El valor de la objetividad para el desarrollo de las pruebas se refuerza al emplearse como herramienta de vigilancia que garantiza la neutralidad en los estímulos presentados. Se detallan cinco propiedades principales distintivas: especificidad, neutralidad, independencia, imparcialidad e impersonalidad, fundamentales para interpretar los resultados, eliminar o reducir los sesgos inducidos por la influencia de estereotipos y preferencias en el diseño del instrumento o en la apreciación de jueces, entre otros factores que pueden afectar el uso ético de los resultados de las pruebas. Se muestra que la objetividad es el primer atributo que debe definirse en una prueba estandarizada, distinguiendo las cualidades que le son propias para evitar asociarlas incorrectamente con la validez o la confiabilidad.Palabras Claves: Objetividad, Pruebas estandarizadas, Validez, Confiabilidad.Objectivity is a needed attribute of standardized tests in different areas, such as health, social sciences and education, and in each one of the phases of the development of a test, from its initial definition to the interpretation of outcomes. Objectivity ensures fairness of the test from its design up to the appraisal of the judges or evaluators and on the treatment of results, grounded on five main properties: specificity, neutrality, independence, impartiality and impersonality. Objectivity is fundamental for the interpretation of the outcomes, eliminating or reducing the presence of stereotypes and preferences that produce several types of bias that may affect the ethical use of the results of the test. Objectivity should be the first attribute to consider in a standardized test, as it improves the definition of the traits to evaluate permitting the distinction of characteristics that are mistakenly associated with validity and reliability.
El trabajo presenta una recopilación de modelos y taxonomías que brindan clasificaciones de los atributos involucrados en la innovación y la creatividad. Las categorías de los marcos referenciales propuestos por varios autores sobre estos procesos, conducen a una aproximación sobre el tema y la forma de caracterizarla para hacer su medición cualitativa y cuantitativa. El enfoque de esta recopilación de modelos y taxonomías no se centra en el punto de vista psicológico conceptual o experimental del "pensamiento creativo", sino plantea una visión con un sentido práctico, en función de las propuestas de investigadores, desarrolladores y usuarios en varios campos del conocimiento, para su aplicación en diversas profesiones o ambientes académicos.Palabras clave: creatividad, innovación, procesos de pensamiento, taxonomía. Taxonomies on creativityThis work presents a compendium of models and taxonomies classifying attributes involved in innovation and creativity. The frameworks proposed by several authors to characterize those processes, provide an approach to the subject and the means to its evaluation, both in qualitative and quantitative form. This work does not focus only on the psychological point of view of creative thinking, instead it considers its practical implications, following the proposals of researchers, developers and users in several knowledge fields, in various professions or academic environments.
This work follows the actual nursing practice for cardiovascular post-chirurgical care of patients, measuring their evolution at 24, 48 hours and after the patient leaves the intensive care area (around 72 to 96 hours). A 44 items questionnaire developed in Colombia and administered to about 250 patients in a single year, includes seven items for variables that affect sleep patterns. Measures must help to discriminate between traits resulting from the natural improvement of the health status of the patient, and other traits that need some special nursing care or a medical treatment, in particular to detect sleep disorder. Items are rated in two or three categories (from low to high health status) and analyzed in a two parts framework: (1) The improvement of health and sleep pattern of the patients in the period from 0 to 96 hours (the trait measurement must indicate better health condition at the end of the period) and (2) The identification of critical variables where positive evolution does not occur or where some abnormal condition is found, needing a nursing intervention to help the patient to reach better patterns in health and sleep. The analysis uses item characteristic curves looking if the observed outcomes of the traits fit the Rasch model and have the highest scores at the end of the period, otherwise a different nursing medical intervention should be proposed.
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