Objectives: To compare the bone mineral density and the fracture risks in Saudi women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus )T2DM(. Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out at Taibah Early Diagnostic Center, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 465 women with and without T2DM aged ≥40 years who visited the center for a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan between December 2020 and July 2021 were randomly selected. The 10-year probabilities of major osteoporotic fracture )MOF( and hip fracture )HF( were calculated using the Original ArticleAbu Dhabi Fracture Risk Assessment Tool )FRAX( with and without adjustment for T2DM. The adjustment was made by setting rheumatoid arthritis as the equivalent risk for T2DM in the FRAX. Bone mineral density values and the FRAX scores were compared between women with T2DM and non-diabetes.Results: Of 465 women, 214 had T2DM, and 251 were non-diabetics. The mean age of women was 59.42±7.9 years. There were no significant differences in mean age, menopausal status, height, weight, and body mass index between T2DM and non-diabetic women. Bone mineral density values and the unadjusted FRAX scores were comparable between the 2 groups. However, after adjusting FRAX for T2DM, the FRAX for MOF and HF became significantly higher in T2DM women )p=0.000 and p=0.004(. Conclusion:In Saudi women with T2DM, unadjusted FRAX underestimated the risk of MOF and HF. Type 2 diabetes mellitus should be included as one of the clinical risk factors for fracture in future versions of the FRAX score.

Contact dermatitis (CD) is usually the result of cumulative exposure to sensitive irritants and accounts for 80% of all contact dermatitis cases. ICD can coexist with atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Patients with Alzheimer's disease and ACD may also have a lower infection threshold for ICD. Therefore, it must stand out from EA and CAD lesions. People with ICD have experienced uncontrolled tingling and burning sensations. Itching is typically manifested in patients with AD and ACD. Compared with AD and ACD, ICD lesions are usually well described. The prognosis of ICD is based on the exclusion method. Monitor patients to rule out type 1 and type 4 hypersensitivity reactions. A negative result indicates the prognosis of ICD. Management includes identifying and avoiding irritants through the normal use of emollients. Although ICD is older, it is not uncommon in some majors, and genetics and environment play a vital role in its development.

Background: Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is a well-described condition in renal transplant and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients; however, little is known about calciphylaxis induced by nonuremic causes. This systematic study aimed to determine the causes, prognosis of nonuremic calciphylaxis, clinical features and laboratory abnormalities. Patients and methods:A comprehensive review of the literature for nonuremic calciphylaxis case reports and case series published between 2016 and 2021 was performed. Cases included satisfied the criteria for a histological diagnosis of nonuremic calciphylaxis in the absence of ESKD, renal transplantation, or acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. Results: The authors identified 53 cases of nonuremic calciphylaxis (83.14 % women, Caucasian 13.33 %, aged 25 to 83 years). The most prevalent documented associations were of patients having multiple conditions 18 (33.33 %), warfarin-induced (7.4 %), calcium and Vitamin D supplementation (3.7 %), primary hyperparathyroidism (3.7 %), liver disease (3.7 %), Acenocumarol use (3.7 %), Systematic lupus erythematosus (3.7 %), alcoholic cirrhosis (3.7 %), respectively. Conclusion:When investigating skin lesions in patients with sensitive conditions, calciphylaxis must often be addressed in the absence of ESKD or renal transplantation. Obese women with various underlying illnesses such as alcohol intake, smoking, diabetes, liver disease, and so on are more likely to develop nonuremic calciphylaxis (NUC).Calciphylaxis is linked with high mortality; however, sodium thiosulfate (ST) has made clear progress in terms of treatment, yet there are still areas that need to be addressed to describe the effectiveness of ST.