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Objectives To compare the long‐term respiratory morbidity of offspring born by cesarean delivery for breech presentation with that of those delivered vaginally. Methods A population‐based cohort analysis including all singleton breech deliveries between the years 1991 and 2014, comparing long‐term respiratory morbidity of offspring born in breech presentation, according to mode of delivery. Offspring with congenital malformations, perinatal deaths, and instrumental deliveries were excluded. Respiratory morbidity included hospitalizations (up to age 18 years), as recorded in hospital records. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve compared cumulative respiratory morbidity. A Weibull parametric survival model controlled for confounders and repeat deliveries. Results A total of 7337 breech deliveries were included; 6376 (86.9%) cesarean deliveries and 961 (13.1%) vaginal breech deliveries. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve demonstrated higher cumulative incidence of respiratory morbidity in the cesarean delivery group compared with vaginal delivery (log rank test P = 0.006). Using a Weibull parametric survival model to control for confounders, cesarean delivery was found to be an independent risk factor for long‐term respiratory morbidity of the offspring (adjusted hazard ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 1.32–2.65, P < 0.001). Conclusions Cesarean versus vaginal delivery for breech presentation is an independent risk factor for long‐term pediatric respiratory morbidity of the offspring.

Background and Goals: While evidence suggests short-term benefits in neonatal morbidity and mortality from cesarean delivery of the fetus in breech presentation, the long-term implications for the offspring are less clear. To assess the implications of the mode of delivery on offspring's health, we have evaluated the long-term gastrointestinal (GI) morbidity of offspring with a breech presentation delivered in either way. Materials and Methods:A population-based retrospective cohort study including singleton deliveries in breech presentation occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a tertiary referral hospital. Incidence of hospitalizations of the offspring up to the age of 18 years involving GI morbidity was compared between those delivered via cesarean section or vaginally. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve compared cumulative GI morbidity. A Weibull parametric survival model controlled for confounders while accounting for repeated occurrence of mothers and dependence among siblings.Results: Overall, 86.9% (n = 6376) of the 7337 fetuses in breech presentation, were delivered abdominally. Hospitalizations involving GI morbidity were higher in offspring delivered by cesarean section, specifically due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Kaplan-Meier survival curve revealed the higher cumulative incidence of total GI morbidity and IBD specifically in the cesarean delivery group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Using a Weibull parametric while controlling for relevant confounders, cesarean delivery emerged as an independent risk factor for long-term IBD-related morbidity of the offspring delivered in breech presentation (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.47-6.87, P = 0.003). Conclusion:Cesarean delivery is associated with higher rates of hospitalizations due to IBD and total GI morbidity during childhood in term singleton in breech presentation.

OBJECTIVE: Breech presentation is the most common form of fetal malpresentation. Previous data suggested a better short-term outcome for neonates after Cesarean delivery (CD) compared to attempted vaginal delivery for breech presentation. The study was aimed to compare the long-term pediatric neurologic morbidity in offspring with breech presentation delivered by Cesarean versus assisted vaginal delivery. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective population based cohort study was performed including all singleton deliveries in breech presentation occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a single tertiary medical center. A comparison was performed between children delivered via CD and those delivered vaginally. Multiple gestations, fetuses with congenital malformations, perinatal deaths and instrumental deliveries were excluded from the analysis. Pediatric hospitalizations of offspring up to the age of 18 years involving neurologic morbidity were evaluated. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to control for confounders. RESULTS: During the study period 7337 deliveries in breech presentation met the inclusion criteria; 86.9% were via CD (n¼6,376) and 13.1% (n¼961) were assisted vaginal deliveries. Hospitalizations up to the age of 18 years involving neurologic morbidity were higher, but did not reach significance, in offspring delivered by CD (Table). However, using a Cox proportional hazards model, while controlling for gestational age, birth-weight, neonatal gender, maternal age, parity, ethnicity, prenatal care and gestational diabetes mellitus, CD was noted as an independent and significant risk factor for longterm neurologic morbidity of the offspring (adjusted HR¼1.5, CI 95% 1.2-2.2, p ¼0.035). CONCLUSION: Cesarean versus assisted vaginal delivery for breech presentation is an independent risk factor for long-term pediatric neurologic morbidity of the offspring.Clinicians considering mode of delivery in cases of breech presentation may include this data while counseling patients. OBJECTIVE:There is good evidence that vaginal delivery of term breech presentation is a safe option in well selected cases. However, regarding induction of labor in breech presentation, international guidelines are inconsistent and its safety is not clearly established.The main objective of this study was to evaluate if induction of labor for women with a breech presentation is a less safe option for infants than planned cesarean delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a secondary analysis of the observational prospective multicenter PREMODA study, including all singleton breech deliveries after 37 weeks of gestation in 174 centers in France and Belgium (N¼8075). We excluded women with spontaneous labor, scared uterus and intrauterine fetal death. Our study population consisted of women with either an induced labor or a planned cesarean delivery. The primary outcome was the composite criteria of neonatal mortality and serious morbidity used in the Term Breech Trial and in the PREMODA prospective cohort assessing mode of delivery for breech presenta...