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Background: Antibiotic resistance is now considered as a global problem. Due to the increasing use of antibiotics, and subsequent increase in antibiotic resistance, treatment of bacterial infections has faced many difficulties. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from patients referred to the hospital during the years 2016-2018. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 2250 samples were taken from outpatient and hospitalized patients (inpatients) during three years (2016-2018). After collection, the specimens were cultured in blood agar and EMB media. One thousand six hundred and fortytwo positive samples were obtained that from these, a number of 1067 specimens were recognized as E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using a disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar media for eight antibiotics. The result was evaluated based on the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: In this study, 1642 positive samples were diagnosed that the largest isolated strains were associated with E. coli (65%). About 241 samples belonged to men (22.6%) and 826 samples were isolated from women (77.4%). Based on the findings, most cases of resistance were related to co-trimoxazole with 52.6% and the highest sensitivity was related to nitrofurantoin with 81%. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that the pattern of antimicrobial resistance is increasing and urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by E. coli isolates with a high rate of resistance still remains an important healthcare problem. Therefore, continuous evaluation of the pattern of resistance in different areas is necessary for promotion of antibacterial management.

In fluoroscopy, the absorption edge, the energy range, and the X-ray spectrum peak are the most important factors in filtration to obtain a proper image. Here, an experimental study was conducted to determine the filters that remove low-energy spectrums and attenuate high-energy ranges so that they cannot fundamentally affect image quality and diminish the absorbed dose by the patient. Considering the attenuation curves of proper elements besides accessibility and productivity issues, three elements were investigated that comprised Copper, Lead and Tin with diverse thicknesses in the X-ray energy range of 100 to 125 keV. Also, a simulation study by Monte Carlo N-Particle code was performed with an accuracy of 99%. The findings demonstrated that the use of a 0.1 mm lead filter retains the best image quality along with a significant reduction in the dose ratio obtained by raising milliampere. Multi or auxiliary filters require additional testing to achieve better image quality. In order to obtain the best possible X-ray band pass spectrum, the analysis of the attenuation and absorption profiles of the various elements plays an essential role in the calculation of the output intensities.

Introduction: This research is aimed to determine the most common bacterial agents in septicemia of newborn babies. The blood infection is a clinical syndrome caused by invading microorganisms or their toxins into the blood. Objective: This study was conducted in Abd al-Hamid Omidvar Hospital, Evaz, Iran, on 516 newborn babies and infants with an average age of eight months suspected to infection. Method: Followed by collecting of blood samples and performing of microbial culture, evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity was performed by disc diffusion method on agar medium. Results: Among 516 samples of blood cultures, 20 samples (3.8%) of cultures were positive, of which 12 cases (3.9%) were boy and 8 cases (3.7%) were girl. Bacteria which cause blood infections include Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%), Klebsiella pneumonia (30%), Escherichia coli (25%), Enterobacter (10%) and Staphylococcus aureus (5%). The most sensitivity Gram positive and Gram negative strains were both to ciprofloxacin and the highest resistance of Gram negative strains was against cefixime and cephalexin, and the highest resistance of Gram positive strains was against tetracycline and oxacillin. Conclusion: paying attention to the prevalence of infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis in this study and similar studies, with correct use of antibiotics for treatment and observation of hygiene principles in pediatrics and neonatal wards can reduce mortality and morbidity caused by the disease.

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