The triumph of Islamic politics in Andalusia (Spain) is one of the most glorious historical assets of Islam. In addition to the glory of Islam in Baghdad, Andalusia became an important civilization milestone as a bridge for Europe to pick up the enlightenment and golden phase. Although, the contribution of Islam to the glory of Modern Europe is not widely echoed by Western historians, the traces of its history cannot be erased. Through the works of Muslim intellectuals, such as Ibn Rushd, Ibn Bajah, Ibn Khaldun, and so on, Europeans were reminded of the classical traditions of their ancestors. The study of Islamic philosophy initiated by Muslim philosophers succeeded in reviving the classical tradition of Greek philosophy. This kind of scientific climate later became the trigger for the birth of the reform, renaissance, and modernization movements in mainland Europe. Undeniably, the political and intellectual triumph of Islam in Andalusia, which was geographically more accessible to Europeans than the Abbasids in Baghdad, became an important bridge for the rise of Europe to the pinnacle of modern civilization.

Cultivating the values of tolerance towards adolescents, especially through the celebration of Islamic and Christian holidays together, is one of the dominant factors in preserving the culture of tolerance among the people of Salatiga City. This type of naturalistic qualitative research, using a critical analytical descriptive approach, makes the people of Pengilon Village as its material objects. This research found that the celebration of Islamic and Christian holidays in Pengilon turned out to have a different function compared to other regions. Apart from functioning as a religious ritual, the Christmas and Halal-Bihalal Celebration "together" also means a medium for tolerance education for children and adolescents in Salatiga City.

Jejak sistem kekhalifahan dalam sejarah pemerintahan umat Islam, khususnya di Arab muncul pasca wafatnya Nabi Muhammad. Gelar khalifah yang disandang oleh Abu Bakar yang terpilih untuk meminpin umat Islam pasca Rasulullah, ditengarai oleh sebagian kelompok umat Islam saat ini adalah bagian dari doktrin agama dengan sistem kekhalifahan-nya. Namun pada saat yang sama, sebagian kelompok umat Islam yang lain memandang sistem kekhalifahan dalam sejarah pemerintahan Islam bukan merupakan bagian dari ajaran Islam dan tidak lebih hanya sekedar tradisi politik bangsa Arab atau konstruksi budaya politik masyarakat arab pada saat itu. Atas dasar tersebut artikel ini ditulis, untuk melacak sistem kekhalifahan yang pernah terjadi dalam sejarah pemerinthan umat Islam di Arab pasca kepemimpinan Nabi Muhammad. Tentunya, dengan tujuan untuk memahami eksistensi sistem kekhalifahan dalam sejarah pemerintahan umat Islam di Arab, antara doktrin agama atau konstruksi budaya Arab. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis data kualitatif terhadap beberapa literatur pemikiran tokoh yang membahas persoalan tersebut, penulis berkesimpulan bahawa sejarah kekhalifahan bukanlah merupakan bagian dari doktrin agama, melainkan tak lebih hanya sekedar konstruksi budaya politik masyarakat Arab pada saat itu. (The Caliphate system in the history of the Muslims’ governance, especially in Arabia emerged after the death of Prophet Muhammad. The Caliph title held by Abu Bakar who was elected to lead the Muslims after Muhammad has been considered part of Islamic doctrine by some Muslims. However by some other Muslims, the title of Caliph is not part of the religious doctrine or Islamic doctrine. But only the political tradition of Arab society or construction of Arab political culture. This Article was written to trace the caliphate system that had occurred in the history of the governance of Muslims in Arabia after the leadership of Mohammed. Certainly with a view to understanding the existance of the caliphate system in the history; among a Islamic doctrine or cultural construction. By using qualitative data analysis method for some literatures, the authour concluded the the caliphate system is not part of the relegious doctrine or Islamic doctrine, but rather the construction of Arab political culture)

This study attempts to trace the historical roots of Muslim-Christian relations in Solo. This research is a type of library research that uses a historical approach. The material objects of this research are articles, news, and opinions published in the magazine Adil 1969-1970. Issue Framing of Christianization in Solo by Adil Magazine is carried out by synchronizing 4 major themes, namely confusion in Christian theology, the Christianization movement is a movement that is contrary to the provisions of the Government in Indonesia, Christianization threatens the people of Indonesia. Militant Muslims, and lastly is the issue of Christian closeness with Communists.Keywords: Christianization, Adil Magazine, Issue FramingAbstrak: Penelitian ini berupaya melacak akar historis hubungan Islam-Kristen di Solo. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian Library research yang menggunakan pendekatan historis. Objek material dari penelitian ini adalah artikel, berita, dan opini yang diterbitkan majalan Adil 1969-1970. Framing isu Kristenisasi di Solo oleh Majalah Adil dilakukan dengan cara menerasikan 4 tema besar, yakni kerancuan dalam teologi Kristen, gerakan Kristenisasi merupakan gerakan yang bertentangan dengan ketetapan Pemerintah di Indonesia, Kristenisasi mengancam kaum Muslim Militan, dan terakhir adalah isu kedekatan Kristen dengan dengan Komunis.Kata Kunci: Kristenisasi, Majalah Adil, framing Isu

This article discusses the acculturation of Islamic and Indian culture and syncretism of Islam and Hinduism in India. In particular, this article examines the transformation and acculturation of Islam, as the largest celestial religion in the world, with Indian values and culture so thick with Hindu values; the largest Ardli religion in the world. Through the Historical approach, this paper will present the process of historical dynamics between Islamic and Indian culture. The Divine Din, is one of the syncretic religious concepts - coined by Mahmud Ghazan Khan - which marks the collaboration of religion and culture in Indian society during the Mughal Dynasty.