The primary purpose of this research is to test a research model that examines the perceptions of Cihan Group managers regarding the impact of effective leadership in improving organizational performance: Green supply chain management practices as a mediating mechanism. As a data collection method, a survey instrument was considered that included three dimensions of effective leadership, Green supply chain management (GSCM), and organizational performance. The data were analyzed by using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The research found positive and significant causal relationships among the leading organization, leading people, and leading self with GSCM practices. In addition, GSCM practices positively correlated with organizational performance. The findings confirmed that GSCM practices fully mediate the relationship among the leading organization, leading people, and organizational performance, as the leading organization and leading people constructs indirectly correlated with organizational performance. The findings also showed that GSCM practices partially mediated the relationship between the leading self and organizational performance, as leading self, directly and indirectly, correlated to organizational performance. The research contributes to the literature by indicating that effective leadership via its dimensions—leading organization, people, and self— indirectly improves organizational performance by the mediating role of GSCM practices. Meanwhile, GSCM practices improve social and environmental performance.

Staff providing services to clients is a common feature of the private sector. To remain competitive, the private sector must maintain high-quality and consistent services. The aim of this study to analyze the influence of interpersonal conflict, job stress, and work life balance on employee turnover intention. Quantitative research was applied to measure the current study. A random sampling method was used to gather data. The researchers distribute 120 questionnaires. 112 questionnaires were received but only 104 questionnaires were valid. The findings revealed that the value B for Interpersonal conflict factor is .611 (.611>0.01) therefore first research hypothesis was supported. The value B for Job stress factor is .599 (.599<0.01) therefore second research hypothesis was supported. The value B for Work life balance factor is .643 (.643>0.01) therefore third research hypothesis was supported. Although the literature shows that turnover has a negative impact on many organizations, this study provides evidence that this relationship has an impact on the pesticide sector in this region.

Ecotourism and other forms of sustainable tourism management are being recognized as important means to an end—the attainment of sustainable development goals to the mutual benefit of local communities and visitors. However, assessing how well these methods work in various settings is essential. The purpose of this research is to investigate how different factors in the growth of ecotourism in Kurdistan, Iraq, affect sustainability, community involvement, and the protection of natural resources. A total of 109 people were polled using a quantitative methodology, and their responses were examined with descriptive statistics, checks for validity and reliability, correlations, and a hierarchical regression model. Ecotourism growth, sustainability, community involvement, and environmental protection all appear to have positive effects on one another and be interconnected. Using a hierarchical regression model, we find that local involvement greatly moderates the connection between ecotourism growth and long-term viability. The results can be used to manage sustainable tourism in Kurdistan and to theorize about ecotourism's role in advancing sustainable development. The research suggests that ecotourism's positive effects on the environment and local people can be increased by more community involvement in the industry's growth.

This research examines the mediating roles of green supply chain management practices, namely, green purchasing practices (GPP), green manufacturing practices (GMAP), green distribution/ packaging practices (GDPP), and green marketing practices (GMP) between two components of effective leadership practices: leading organizational practice (LOP) and leading staff practice (LSP) and business competitiveness (BC).Design/methodology/approach -The research applied a quantitative approach, and a survey instrument was designed to collect empirical data from the Cihan group in Iraq. The data were analyzed by using partial least squares -structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).Findings -The results showed that LOP is significantly related to the green practices: GPP, GMAP, GDPP, and GMP. The research showed that LSP is positively associated with green supply chain practices: GPP, GMAP, GDPP, and GMP. The results also revealed the direct relationship between the same practices: GPP, GMAP, GDPP, and GMP with BC. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between LOP and BC. Meanwhile, LSP was positively and significantly related to BC.Discussion -The research's findings revealed that all four practices of GSCM as GPP, GMAP, GDPP, and GMP, fully mediated the impact of LOP on BC since there was no significant direct relationship between LOP and BC. The research showed that green practices in the form of GPP, GMAP, GDPP, and GMP partially mediated the impact of LSP on BC, as the results showed a significant direct relationship between LSP and BC.

The study aimed to investigate the influence of psychological empowerment and organizational justice on perceived organizational performance at public sectors in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The research provided empirical evidence regarding the role of psychological empowerment and organizational justice on perceived organizational performance. The current study applied quantitative research, a questionnaire was used to collected data from the participants (employees, supervisors, and managers) from public sector in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The sample size for the current study was 114 units. The study developed two research hypotheses to measure the current study. The findings revealed that the first research hypothesis was supported which stated that psychological empowerment has a positive and significant influence on perceived organizational performance at public sector in Kurdistan region of Iraq, furthermore the second research hypothesis was supported which stated that organizational justice has a positive and significant influence on perceived organizational performance at public sector in Kurdistan region of Iraq. However, it was found that the highest value was for the psychological empowerment effect on perceived organizational performance.