In 2016, a total of 48,771 hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) were reported in U.S. hospitals. These incidents resulted in an excess cost of .$2 billion, which translates to roughly $41,000 per patient per HAC. » In the settings of total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA), increased age, a body mass index of .35 kg/m 2 , male sex, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte disturbances, and a history of anemia increase the likelihood of surgical site infections.Disclosure: The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJSREV/A722).

In 2016, a total of 48,771 hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) were reported in U.S. hospitals. These incidents resulted in an excess cost of >$2 billion, which translates to roughly $40,000 per patient with an HAC.Current guidelines for the prevention of venous thromboembolism and surgical site infection consist primarily of antithrombotic prophylaxis and antiseptic technique, respectively.The prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) and in-hospital falls and trauma is done best via education. In the case of CA-UTI, this consists of training staff about the indications for catheters and their timely removal when they are no longer necessary, and in the case of in-hospital falls and trauma, advising the patient and family about the patient’s fall risk and communicating the fall risk to the health-care team.Blood incompatibility is best prevented by implementation of a pretransfusion testing protocol. Pressure ulcers can be prevented via patient positioning, especially during surgery, and via postoperative skin checks.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in American men. The aim of the study was to determine the nationwide prevalence, trends, and predictors of inpatient PCa screening encounters in patients with average risk of PCa using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Methods: The NIS database from 2006 to 2014 was used to evaluate PCa screening among hospitalized patients in the United States (US). All hospitalized male patients between the ages of 45 and 69 at average risk for PCa were included. The outcome was whether a patient had an encounter for prostate cancer as noted on their discharge record. Variables analyzed included demographic factors, hospital characteristics, and other concomitant diagnoses for prostate or male urinary problems. Results: The prevalence of inpatient PCa screening was 2.57 per 100,000 hospital discharges. In a multivariate setting, the following were significant factors associated with greater odds of inpatient PCa screening: Medicare (AOR: 3.07; P = 0.0016), Self-Pay or Uninsured patients (AOR: 1.74; P = 0.0371), rural (AOR: 11.9; P = < 0.0001) or urban nonteaching hospitals (AOR: 5.26; P = < 0.0001), receiving care in the Midwest (AOR: 4.90; P = < 0.0001), a diagnosis for urinary tract infections (P = 0.0367), genitourinary symptoms (P < 0.0001), hyperplasia of prostate (P = 0.0006), or other male genital disorder (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: According to current cancer screening guidelines, PSA screening should include shared decision making between physicians and patients. In light of unequal access to quality healthcare, there exist disparities in uninsured and rural patients for cancer screening. Screening tools such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are minimally invasive modalities in the inpatient setting that can help screen individuals at increased risk for the development of prostate cancer, allowing for early detection, prevention, improved rates of cure and ultimately, decreased rates of mortality.