The health care industry is continuously developing, and constant leadership must maintain high-quality care to patients. Applying certain leadership styles is critical in developing, aligning and fabricating a pathway to effective and reliable care. Leaders can improve their subordinates’ performance, work behavior, and communication of their subordinates through the application of different styles of leadership. The two styles of leadership under investigation in this paper are transformational leadership and laissez-faire leadership. In health care organizations, transformational leadership improves the quality and safety of patient care. Furthermore, transformation enhances staff commitment to organizational goals. In contrast, Laissez-faire leadership is not an ideal style in health care facilities. Laissez-faire leadership increases stress levels, anxiety, and staff turnover rates. As a result, the higher level of stress among staff leads to medical errors, a higher rate of staff turnovers, and suboptimal care to care for patients. Each leadership style has its strengths and weaknesses; leaders need to apply the appropriate leadership style to improve health care quality, patient safety, teamwork, and increase staff motivation and commitment to reduce adverse events in health care facilities.

Worldwide and in the countries, Islamic scholars do not have a consensus on the criteria and definition of brain death. This lack of consensus on the definition of brain death and its legal status has resulted in delays in withdrawal of care and futile care to the brain-dead patient population that negatively strains the limited resources for human organs in the Islamic community. Also, Islamic countries with organ transplantation resources lack legislation on endorsing brain death and its legal status as death which creates delays in harvesting viable organs from eligible donors. These delays can negatively impact the life quality of patients with end-organ failure waiting for an organ and make organs non-viable for transplantation, adding to the already existing shortages in Islamic countries. This brief review aims to clarify some of the barriers in the determination of brain death and organ donation in Islamic countries and address religious and ethical issues that exist that affect issues of access.

Non-communicable diseases are a challenge to public health worldwide. Decades ago, the consensus was that non-communicable diseases were the problem of developed and wealthy nations. However, recent studies indicate that developing countries are on the edge of emerging increases in non-communicable diseases due to various factors such as the consumption of unhealthy food, lack of physical activities, poor access to primary healthcare services, and loosened policies on tobacco use. Non-communicable diseases cause increased mortality and have significant financial impact due to treatment costs. The conditions also decrease the capacity and productivity of the human workforce in the community who cannot adequately contribute when under treatment in the late stages of the disease. Multiple societal and economic factors contribute to poor outcomes from non-communicable diseases including increasing globalization and urbanization. The two countries reviewed, Afghanistan and Ghana, have worsened population health due to aforementioned factors. In low and middle-income countries such as Afghanistan and Ghana, the unparalleled progression of globalization and urbanization and lifestyle factors have contributed to fast track the prevalence and progression of non-communicable diseases. This literature review aims to overview the impact of non-communicable diseases in Afghanistan and Ghana and suggest potential strategies to improve overall population health outcomes.

Since language is a mode of communication that enables individuals from many nations and cultures to understand one another, it plays a crucial part in globalization. Language variety has been significantly impacted by globalization, which has allowed the growth of international languages and their domination in the political, social, and economic realms. But regrettably, this has resulted in the decline and probable extinction of many endangered languages, especially those that are spoken by tiny, outlying populations. Several nations and international organizations have adopted English as their official language. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with an estimated 1.5 billion speakers. It frequently serves as the common language in international trade and diplomacy, which results in a decrease in the usage of other tongues. It predominately appears in media outlets and on social media platforms, which harms the usage of other languages. Because language may be a weapon for both expressing and resisting power dynamics, language and power become connected once again. By offering speakers of such languages an edge in the political, economic, and social realms, the development of global languages, especially those of dominating nations, has the potential to maintain current power relations. On the other hand, by giving speakers of different languages access to new opportunities and resources, the development of global languages can potentially undermine current power relations. The growth of international languages can, however, also have unfavorable effects on speakers of minority languages, such as language loss and cultural assimilation. Thus, globalization may eventually result in the loss of distinctive cultural knowledge and practices as well as the loss of linguistic variety. This article focuses on how language dissemination affects power relations and how urgent it is to take action to protect linguistic variety and promote multilingualism.

Historically in some cultures, females are acknowledged differently than males, encouraging girls to follow specific cultural gender-typed behavior and norms. Girls are not perceived similarly to boys, who are considered superior with more intelligence, competence, and academically capabilities. In contrast, girls are deemed to have mediocre potential. All these gender-stereotyped cultural beliefs and practices make a platform for the perception that boys are superior to girls. Such stereotypes about women/girls negatively impact their access to education, work, and healthcare services. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the perception of native Afghans regarding the problems and causes of gender inequality in Afghanistan and participants' opinions of cultural barriers and lack of access to healthcare for women and girls. A qualitative survey using a Likert scale was conducted, and data were collected for questions designed by a Focus Group of Afghan natives. The article ends with a more focused review of the perception of inequality in education for females in Afghanistan.