The ethanol, chloroform and acetone extracts of five species from Acacia (Acacia albidia stems, Acacia mellifera aerial parts, Acacia nubica aerial parts, Acacia seyal var. seyal stems and Acacia tortilis aerial parts) were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against two standard bacterial strains of Gram +ve bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923)), Gram −ve bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)) and standard fungi Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) using the agar-plate well diffusion method. The chloroform extract was inactive compared to ethanol and acetone extracts. But ethanol extracts showed the maximum antimicrobial activity against the test organism. Amongst the plant species screened, ethanol extract of Acacia seyal stems showed maximum inhibitory activity (38 mm) and (37 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, respectively. The ethanol, chloroform and acetone extracts of Acacia mellifera (aerial parts) did not show any activity against the test organisms. Cholorophorm and acetone extracts via DPPH, the radical scavenging activities were found to be 91 ± 0.03, 88 ± 0.01 and 85 ± 0.04, respectively. The results of phytochemical screening showed that all extracts of studied plant contain flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols and tannins. H. B. Abdllha et al.

Recently, Coronavirus has been given considerable attention from the biomedical community based on the emergence and isolation of a deadly coronavirus infecting human. To understand the behavior of the newly emerging MERS-CoV requires knowledge at different levels (epidemiologic, antigenic, and pathogenic), and this knowledge can be generated from the most related viruses. In this study, we aimed to compare between 3 species of Coronavirus, namely Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), and NeoCoV regarding whole genomes and 6 similar proteins (E, M, N, S, ORF1a, and ORF1ab) using different bioinformatics tools to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the 3 viruses at the nucleotide and amino acids levels. All sequences have been retrieved from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Regards to target genomes’ phylogenetic analysis showed that MERS and SARS-CoVs were closer to each other compared with NeoCoV, and the last has the longest relative time. We found that all phylogenetic methods in addition to all parameters (physical and chemical properties of amino acids such as the number of amino acid, molecular weight, atomic composition, theoretical pI, and structural formula) indicated that NeoCoV proteins were the most related to MERS-CoV one. All phylogenetic trees (by both maximum-likelihood and neighbor-joining methods) indicated that NeoCoV proteins have less evolutionary changes except for ORF1a by just maximum-likelihood method. Our results indicated high similarity between viral structural proteins which are responsible for viral infectivity; therefore, we expect that NeoCoV sooner may appear in human-related infection.

This study was carried out to evaluate gardicidal and amoebicidal activity of Anogeisus leicarpus variety supreme court leaves petroleum ether and methanol extracts in vitro tests were perform using four concentrations: (1000ppm, 500ppm 250ppm and 125ppm). The highest activity against Giardia lamblia, from petroleum ether leaves extract of Anogeisus leicarpus exhibit 77.02% mortality at concentration (1000ppm) after 72hours. On the other hand, the lowest antigiardial activity was recorded by methanolic extract 67.28% mortality with 1000ppm concentration in 27hours. The highest the activity against Entamoba histolytica, with respect to time, was obtained from methanolic extract which exhibited 70.06% mortality within 72h with a concentration of 1000 ppm. On the other hand, the lowest antiamobic activity was recorded by petroleum ether extract 61.35% mortality with 1000 ppm concentration within 72hours. This was compared with Metronidazole which gave 83.42% inhibition at concentration 312.5μg/ml at the same time. Our results revealed a pharmacological activity against G. lamblia and E. histolytica we suggested that the extracts have the potential of being used in parasitic infection.

Aims: The aim of this study to detect Anti-giardia, antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity and evaluated the chemical constituent of ethanolic extracts of Abutilon pannosum and Cassia occidentalis. Study Design:  Various standard methods were used to detect of bioactivity for ethanolic extracts of plants used in this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the laboratories of microbiology and parasitology and chemistry, the International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, during May 2019. Methodology: The ethanolic extract of Abutilon pannosum and Cassia occidentalis was used as an anti-giardia and anti-oxidant in-vitro, and toxicity tests were performed using brine shrimp and MTT assay. Also, the compounds of the plants used were detected by the GCMS apparatus. Results: The ethanolic extracts of Abutilon pannosum showed high Anti-giardia activity (79%) in concentration (500 ppm) after 72 hours, whereas the activity of Cassia occidentalis extract showed (61%). The highest antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis was (68.7%), while it was weak in Abutilon pannosum ethanolic extract (45%) by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of cytotoxicity revealed that the ethanolic extracts are highly toxic to brine shrimp, but are not toxic to normal cell line (MTT). Chromatographic analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) showed good separation of compounds. GCMS detected 22 and14 important compounds in Abutilon pannosum and Cassia occidentalis extracts respectively. The common compound in both plant extracts is n-Hexadecanoic acid. This acid was reported as an antioxidant. Conclusion: This study revealed that the biological activities of Abutilon pannosum extracts showed high activities of Anti-giardia and antioxidants. Non-cytotoxic in the normal cell line was shown. Cassia occidentalis showed high activity of Anti-giardia and weak activity antioxidant.

Abstract:Entamoeba histolytica is ranked third on the list of parasitic protozoan infections leading to death behind malaria and schistosomiasis. It is estimated also up to 200 millions of people are chronically infected with Giardia lamblia globally. Metronidazole is the drug currently widely used and recommended in the treatment of amoebiasis and giardiasis. However; sometimes it causes adverse effects such as myoplasia, neuralgia, allergic dermatitis, and others. The in vitro antiprotozoal activities of some selected Sudanese medicinal plants (Acacia nilotica subsp. nilotica, Adansonia digitata, Cyperus rotundus and Nigella sativa) were determined against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia by employing the sub-culture method. The mammalian cytotoxicity of the investigated plants against normal Vero cell line was determined by applying MTT [(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] method. All plants examined 100% inhibition at a concentration 500 µg/ml after 96 h; this was compared with Metronidazole which gave 95% inhibition at concentration 312.5 µg/ml at the same time against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. In addition, cytotoxicity (MTT-assay) of these plants against normal Vero cell line which verified the safety of the examined extracts with an IC 50 less 100 µg/ml. These studies prove the potent activity of extracts against E. histolyica and G. lamblia trophozoites in vitro with verified safety evidence for use.