Introduction recent studies show a good relationship between breast cancer (BC) and human papillomaviruses (HPV) wich is responsible for about 18% of BC cases. This study aimed to assess the relationship between different genotypes of HPV and the expression of P53 and retinoblastoma (RB) genes and estrogen and progesterone receptors in BC among Sudanese women. Methods one hundred and fifty tissue blocks were obtained from females diagnosed with BC. Positive samples were used to determine genotypes with an applied biosystem (ABI 3730XL) genetic analyzer for sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Results 13/150 samples showed HPV DNA. High-risk HPV-16 was detected in 5 cases, high-risk-HPV-58 was found in four cases, and HPV-18 was detected in three cases. Low-risk-HPV-11 was detected in a single invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) case. P53 and RB gene mutations were detected in 35 and 30 BC cases, respectively. P53 gene mutation was frequently identified in grade (III) BC while RB gene mutation was positive in grade (II). Grade (II) BC had a higher incidence of HPV-16 and 58. On the other hand, HPV-18 had a higher incidence in grade (III). Estrogen and progesterone receptors were expressed in 94 and 79 HPV cases among the study group, respectively. Conclusion this study elucidates the associations between HPV genotypes and BC. A statistically significant association was observed among p53 and RB gene mutations and different BC histological types. On the other hand, there was a statistically insignificant association between HPV genotyping and different BC gradings, BC histological types, P53 and RB genes mutations, and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression. Also, there was a statistically insignificant association among estrogen and progesterone receptors expression and BC grading. RB gene mutation was significantly associated with different BC grades. On the other hand, there was a statistically insignificant association between progesterone receptor expression and BC.

Background: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has become an essential, critical test for breast masses. This study aimed to determine the value of diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff (DPAS) staining in the detection of malignant breast cells. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state (Sudan) among Sudanese women who suffered from breast lumps. FNA samples were collected from each patient, and the material was simultaneously smeared onto two labeled glass slides. The DPAS score and aspiration cytology (AC) grade are expressed as mean ± SD, and the 95% confidence intervals of the means were calculated. Results: The findings revealed the following DPAS score frequencies among the studied women: negative (±) (28, 13.9%), one plus (+) (114, 56.7%), two plus (++) (27, 13.4%), and three-plus (+++) (32, 15.9%). Comparison of DPAS scores with the cytological categories (cytology results) revealed that DPAS positivity (++, +++) correlated best with malignancy. Of the 201 patients, the AC grades according to the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) system were: AC2 (30, 14.9%), AC3 (112, 55.7%), AC4 (27, 13.4%), and AC5 (32, 15.9%). Conclusions: DPAS positivity in atypical cells in FNA aspirates may assist in upgrading from a suspicious to a malignant diagnosis in women with breast lumps.

Background:Breast cancer is prevalent and common across the globe.One in every nine women in developed countries and one in every 20 in less developed areas may have the risk of breast cancer.This study aimed to evaluate the role of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNORs) stain in improving the efficacy of the fine needle aspiration (FNA) technique in the detection of cytological changes in breast lumps among Sudanese women.Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in Khartoum state (Sudan), among Sudanese women who presented with breast lumps to governmental and private cytology clinics.FNA samples were collected from each patient. Wet fixed smears were stained with AgNOR and air-dried smears with Pap staining techniques. For the evaluation the numeric results (The mean and standard deviation (mAgNOR ± SD) of AgNOR dots in 100 tumor nuclei and the Proliferative Index (pAgNOR), the percentage of cells having 5 or more AgNOR dots per nucleus in 100 nuclei ). Pearson correlation coefficient (p-value) and ANOVA tests were used through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics 21) to compare the values observed in each cytological category and the values observed for counting 50 and 100 tumor nuclei.Results: The mean values and SD of AgNOR (mAgNOR) and proliferative Index (pAgNOR) were 3.66±2.8 and 2.22±2.1, respectively. On the other hand, ANOVA test showed a significant increase in the mean values of the malignant findings in both parameters. The correlation between cytological changes categories and the means of AgNOR (mAgNOR) showed a statistically significant test (P = 0.001). Also the correlation between cytological assessment categories and the means of proliferative Index (pAgNOR) showed a statistically significant test. Conclusions:The estimate breast cellular proliferative activity by means of AgNORs per nucleus quantification and cytological atypia improve the accuracy of FNA in comparison with standard Pap stains.

Background:Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) has become an essential, critical preoperative and screening test for breast masses. ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the role of Diastase-Resistant Periodic Acid Schiff (DPAS) in improving the efficacy of FNA in the detection of cytological changes in breast lumps.Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study carried out in Khartoum state (Sudan), among Sudanese women who suffered from breast lumps. FNA samples were collected from each patient, and the material was simultaneously smeared onto two labeled glass slides..DPAS score and AC grade were expressed as mean±SD, and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the means were calculated. Results: The findings revealed that the DPAS scores were found as follows; negative (±) 28(13.9%), one plus (+) 114(56.7%), two plus (++) 27(13.4%) and three-plus (+++) 32(15.9%).The analysis of DPAS scores versus the cytological categories (cytology results) revealed that DPAS positivity (++, +++) correlated best with malignancy. Out of the two hundred and one patient's Aspiration cytology (AC) grades among studied women according to the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) system were found as follows; AC2 30(14.9%), AC3 112(55.7%), AC4 27(13.4%) and AC5 32(15.9%).Eleven cases were upgraded from suspicious of malignancy in AC4 to malignant on AC5. On the others hand, there was a statistically significant association between aspiration cytology grades and cytology results, malignant findings significantly associated with AC grade 5.Conclusions:DPAS positivity within atypical cells in FNA aspirates may assist in upgrading from a suspicious to a malignant diagnostic result.