A 2-year-old girl presented with inflammatory eyelid swelling in the left eye over a 2-week period. Ophthalmologic examination showed hyperemia and swelling, with a palpable mass at the inferior orbital rim. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging showed periorbital edema and a cystic lesion located in the inferomedial orbit. Histopathologic evaluation showed an orbital cyst of lacrimal derivation.

to the department of ophthalmology, Rizgary and Erbil teaching hospitals, Erbil; from February 2011 to December 2011 was conducted. Detailed diabetic history was recorded. Assessment of anterior segment via slitlamp biomicroscopy was done. The examination of dry eye included Schirmer`s test, tear break-up time and fluorescein dye Results: From total 195 patients, eighty-one (41.5%) of them had dry eye. The prevalence of dry eye among older ages (≥60 years) was 49%, which was higher than younger ages (<60 years). The dry eye had a higher percentage in males than females (44.7% and 39.1%, respectively). Those who had diabetes mellitus for <10 years recorded 36.6% dry eyes, however, those who had diabetes mellitus for ≥10years showed 50.7% dry eyes. On the other hand patients with good diabetic control (HbA1c<7%) had a lower prevalence of dry eye than those of uncontrolled one (HbA1c≥7%) with a percentage of 38.5% and 48.3%, respectively. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of dry eyes among diabetic patients in Erbil city. The prevalence of dry eye is higher in those with duration of diabetes for more than ten years. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female. The sensitivity of tear break-up time test was higher than Schirmer`s test for diagnosing dry eye.

IntroductionThe axial length (AL) of the eye is the distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, 1 and it is typically defined as the distance from the anterior corneal surface to the anterior surface of the retina. 2,3 In vivo, it is measured either by ultrasonography or by partial coherence interferometry. The AL of the eye at birth is approximately 17 mm and reaches approximately 24 mm in adulthood. It is typically longer than 24 mm in myopes and shorter than 24 mm in hyperopes. Each one millimeter of change in AL of the eye corresponds to approximately 2.5 diopters (D) change in refractive power of the eye. 4 From birth to age six years, the AL of the eye grows by approximately 5 mm, and one might expect from this a high prevalence of myopia in infants. However, most children are actually emmetropic, with only a 2% incidence of myopia at six years. This phenomenon is due to a still undetermined mechanism called emmetropization. During that first six years of life, a compensatory loss of 4 D of corneal power and 2 D of lens power keeps most eyes close to emmetropia. It appears that the immature human eye develops so as to reduce refractive errors. The cornea is a transparent, avascular tissue that measures 11-12 mm horizontally and 10-11 mm vertically. Its refractive index is 1.376, although, in calibrating a keratometer, a refractive index of 1.3375 is used to account for the combined optical power of the anterior and posterior curvatures of the cornea. The average radius of curvature of the central cornea is 7.8 mm. The cornea thus contributes 74%, or 43.25 D, of the total 58.60 dioptric power of a normal human eye.5 Normal central Background and objective:A thin central corneal thickness has been reported to be a risk factor for developing primary open-angle glaucoma. This has led to a hypothesis that thinning of the cornea may be an indication of generalized weakness of the ocular integument. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between central corneal thickness and axial length in a sample of Erbil population. Methods: This is an observational cross sectional prospective study that was conducted from October 2012 to March 2013 and included 260 eyes of 130 patients. The mean age (± SD) was 37.8 ± 17.7 years for males and 35.4 ± 15.5 years for females. Axial length was measured with A-scan ultrasound biometry and central corneal thickness with ultrasonic Pachymeter. Results:The mean central corneal thickness (± SD) was 542.8 ± 36 µm in male eyes and 530.1 ± 32.5 µm in female eyes. The mean axial length (± SD) was 23.38 ± 1.1 mm in male eyes, 23.15 ± 1.2 mm in female eyes. Central corneal thickness was not correlated with axial length (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.037, P = 0.558). Conclusion:Central corneal thickness and axial length of the eye are two independent measurements. Thin corneas are not related to longer eye.

Background: A pterygium is a triangular fibrovascular sub-epithelial ingrowth of degenerative bulbar conjunctival tissue over the limbus onto the cornea. The mainstay of treatment is surgery with more measures to decrease the recurrence rate. Pterygium doesn’t need intervention unless there is an extension of the lesion towards the center of the cornea and it encroaches on the visual axis, or is symptomatic in terms of redness and discomfort. Objective: To present a new surgical technique for managing primary pterygium. We aim to find a more effective method than the one previously used. We wanted to demonstrate and prove that this technique has low recurrence rates. Patients and Methods: A Hospital-based interventional case series study, sampling done by simple random sampling from the outpatient departments. The study was conducted in the ophthalmology department of Erbil teaching hospital in Erbil city for eight months from August 2021-April 2022. In the current study 40 patients with pterygium were operated that they were attending the ophthalmology department in this hospital. Results: The result revealed 3 cases of recurrence of 7.5% out of 40 cases using a dual flap technique as a new approach for treating pterygium in the follow-up of 3 months, in which the mean ± SD of age was 46.3 ± 10.537 years. Twenty four cases were female, and 16 were male; all of the lesions were nasally located pterygium. In the sample we used in the study 5 patients had had pterygium excision using other techniques in the past at least once, and neither of them recurred utilizing this approach. Conclusion: The double flap is a proper alternative technique in pterygium surgery; this new procedure, dual conjunctival flap with 7.5% recurrence rates and provides safe and comparable results to current methods.

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