Background: Gram positive Kocuria spp. are a part of normal of the skin and oropharynx commensals in mammals but also described as opportunistic pathogens in human infections including urinary tract infection, pneumonia, wound infection, Ear infection, bronchial infection and also peritonitis and brain abscess, isolated from different clinical specimens increasing resistance to some antibiotics all over the world by distribution between patient with high morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: Our study aimed to carry out retrospective study on Kocuria spp. isolated from various clinical samples in Erbil city and analyzed its epidemiology, antibiotic resistance pattern and pathogenic potential. Methods: A total of thirty Kocuria spp. isolated distributed according to their source of isolation such as blood, wound, CSF,  ear swab, throat swab, ascetic fluid and bronchial wash isolated and identified by using microscopical, morphological, biochemical tests and  API and Vitek 2 compact system. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by manually by using 8 antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Nitrofurantion, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cifixime, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (2:1)). Phenotypic screening of ESBLs was undertaken using Vitek 2 compact system. Results: Out of 4399 samples, 30 samples were tested positive for Kocuria spp., the highest percentage of  Kocuria spp. In female 20(0.76%) was higher than those in male patients 10(0.57%) Results showed that 30 isolates of Kocuria distributed as (13) isolates were indicated as Kocuria kristinae, (5) Kocuria varians, and (6) Kocuria rosea Kocuria spp.isolates showed high resistance  (43.3%) to  Cifixime, (30%) to Amoxicillin-Clavulanate 2:1, (26.7%) to Amikacin, (20%) to Nitrofurantion  and (13.3%) to both Gentamicin and Cefotaxime. Kocuria spp. was surprisingly (100%) sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone with all the 30 samples that we had. Relation between bacteria species and gender, all species showed higher number in female than male.

Background: Raoultella ornithinolytica should never be regarded as merely a saprophytic bacterium that occasionally contaminates bronchial lavage or other deep respiratory samples or surgical sites is an underreported, emerging hospital-acquired infection and is particularly related with invasive operations.R. ornithinolytica isolates have significant antimicrobial resistance rates, and physicians should be aware of this so that, before accurate microbiological data are received, an immediate broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment can be instituted.. Objectives: The goal of our study was to retrospectively examine R. ornithinolytica, which was isolated from a variety of clinical samples in Erbil, and to examine its epidemiology, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and ability to produce the enzyme extend spectrum beta lactamase. Methods: A total of  2350  samples were collected from three different sources(Urine ,High vaginal swab and  wound), collected from female and  male from patient attending Rizgary  hospital  and  Central  lab  in Erbil city during the July 2017 to Februry 2018 . Only  10 cases had been identified as R. ornithinolytica and all isolates isolated and identified by using microscopical, morphological , biochemical tests and  Vitek 2  compact system .  Also antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by using Vitec 2  compact  system  according to the standard protocol against  13 antibiotics which are (Ampicillin /Sulbactam ,  Piperacillin/ Tazobactam, Cefazolin, Ceftazidim , Ceftriaxon , Cefepime, Levofloxacin , Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin). Results: Only ten R. ornithinolytica isolates isolated from  2350  distribution according to their source of isolation High vaginal swab 6(0.23%) appeared to be the most dominant specimen than other specimens followed by urine sample 3(0.13%)  then wound 1(0.04%).The highest  percentage of R. ornithinolytica. isolated  from  female .Most isolates from  high vaginal swab sample 6(0.26%) followed by urine 3 (0.13%) then  wound 1(0.04), when performing of antibiotic susceptibility the highest resistances rate were to Cefazolin and  Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazol 10 (100%) followed by Ampicillin / Sulbactam  , Piperacillin / Tazobactam, Ceftriaxon , Gentamycin  , Tobramycin  and Ciprofloxacin 7(70%) for each, 6(60%)isolates ESBL producer, all isolated R. ornithinolytica were resistance to more than 8 antibiotics and   two isolates completely  resistance to all thirteen antibiotics. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of R. ornithinolytica isolates was low in Erbil city and we  can be observed   and  isolated from varies clinical samples and causes serious infections and susceptibility to some antibiotics are low and also most isolates  multiresistance and ESBL producers and These findings offer a reliable measure of the prevalence of Raoultella ornithinolytica in our region and provide a baseline for future studies that will enable the monitoring of trends over time. If current resistance trends continue, high societal and economic costs can be anticipated; better management of infections caused by resistanceR.ornithinolytica is becoming essential.

Background: The presence of microorganisms in a patient's blood is a critical determinant of the severity of the patient's illness and its complication is one of the main infective causes of mortality and morbidity. Early and prompt antibiotic therapy based on the knowledge of the prevalent microorganisms can help reduce this rate. Objectives: Our study aimed to carry out prevalence study on bacteremia isolated from blood samples among patients in Erbil city and analyze its antibiotics susceptibility pattern test and multi-drug resistance. Materials and Methods: A total of 1023 from 2015 until 2021 bacteremia were isolated from patients blood samples attending (Nanakali, Raparin, Maryamana) hospitals and BIO lab from both male and female. Only 57 cases had been identified as bacteremia isolates which were identified by using microscopical, macroscopical identification, cultural, BacT/ALERT and vitek 2 compact system. Also antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by vitek 2 compact on 13 antibiotics. Results: Only 57 bacteremia isolates were isolated from 1023 samples from (2015-2021), in our study the percentage of females infected with bacteremia were more than the males, females being 29/1023 (2.84%) and males being 28/1023 (2.74%), about the age groups in (2015-2021) infections by bacteremia were increased in (21-30) age people being 13/57 ( 22.81%) in total, in (2015-2021) the most common bacteria that cause bacteremia were Escherichia coli being 28/57(49.12%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia being 11/57 (19.3%) , Enterobacter spp. being 7/57 (12.28%) , Salmonella typhi and Serratia marcescens both had 1/57 (1.75%) , Acinetobacter baumanni had 7/57 (12.3%) and finally Pseudomonas aeruginosa had 2/57 (3.5%) . Escherichia coli this bacteria mainly found in females 16/28 (57.14%), in ( 2015-2021), for cancer patients with bacteremia Escherichia coli was the most common isolated bacteria being 24/732 (3.30%), bacteremia mostly infected patients with acute myeloid leukemia were 12/38(31.58%) in Nanakali hospital, the bacteria that isolated from patients with bacteremia had resistance to more than three classes of antibiotics they were highly resistance to vancomycin 15 (100%), tetracycline12 (80%) followed by sulfamethoxazole 11 (73.33%) then to erythromycin 9 (60%) and both amoxicillin and clindamycin had 8 (53.33%) antibiotic resistance. Conclusions: The study showed that the rate of bacteremia increased in last few years in Erbil city especially in cancer patient and those having weak immunity, bacteria acquired resistance to antibiotics and this due to frequent use of antibiotics, morbidity attribute to antibiotic resistant is significant, if prevailing resistance trends continue, high societal and economic costs can be expected. Better management of antibiotic use, and infection control is needed to avoid infections that caused by drug resistant pathogens bacteremia.