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Software defect prediction is a promising approach aiming to improve software quality and testing efficiency by providing timely identification of defect-prone software modules before the actual testing process begins. These prediction results help software developers to effectively allocate their limited resources to the modules that are more prone to defects. In this paper, a hybrid heterogeneous ensemble approach is proposed for the purpose of software defect prediction. Heterogeneous ensembles consist of set of classifiers of different learning base methods in which each of them has its own strengths and weaknesses. The main idea of the proposed approach is to develop expert and robust heterogeneous classification models. Two versions of the proposed approach are developed and experimented. The first is based on simple classifiers, and the second is based on ensemble ones. For evaluation, 21 publicly available benchmark datasets are selected to conduct the experiments and benchmark the proposed approach. The evaluation results show the superiority of the ensemble version over other well-regarded basic and ensemble classifiers.

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The present research evaluates how E-learning environment, E-learning adoption, Digital readiness, and Students attitudes towards E-learning, affect Academic achievement. The study focuses on a much-neglected cultural context, Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC), since Student’s readiness as well as institutions and professors’ endowments greatly varied within countries and among universities. The study further incorporates Instructors attitudes and evaluates the mediation effect of Academic engagement on Academic achievement. The methodology relies on Partial Least Squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The research findings emphasize the role of E-learning environment, Digital readiness, Academic engagement, students as well as instructors E-learning attitude as the decisive factors that determine students’ Academic achievement. This implies that institutions who adapt to a changing environment by aligning students and instructors’ goals to develop a positive and supportive E-learning environment, will foment Academic engagement and promote students’ Academic achievement.