Management has been studied and has been part of the literature since early twentieth century. With the invention of compute;, related sciences and commercialization of software become part of industry. Softwares were started seeing as projects, and with this software project management evolved.

Nowadays, it is the demand of every internet user to stay connected most of the time even if the user is on the move. The core focus of this paper is on internet connectivity with moving vehicles. Wireless internet access on trains is not a standardized technology yet, therefore, it has diverse and vendor specific architecture. The authors have presented the physical architecture of internet access on moving vehicles, specifically trains and the logical architecture to give a clear idea that how the service will work at each layer of TCP/IP protocol stack. In order to observe the data rates offered on board, and experience Wi-Fi internet access onboard, the authors chose Great North Eastern Railway (GNER) route from London Kings Cross station till Peterborough (UK). For the network data rate analysis the authors chose Bandwidth Monitor a freeware used to monitor network and Internet bandwidth. The authors observed the data rates on GNER Wi-Fi internet on basis of three different scenarios i.e., Basic Browsing, Live Radio(Voice),VOIP services and video streaming Consequently, suggestions for improving quality of experience and market penetrations plans to make this technology successful in terms of generating revenues for the operators are given.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was twofold, first to find the antecedents and consequences of employee voice using the theory of planned behaviour, and second to develop, introduce and validate the construct of employee reticence (employee-silence attitude) and its scale. Methodology: Mixed-Method Research using interviews, and questionnaire was the methodology of the study. IBM SPSS 20.0 and SmartPLS 2.0 software were used for data analysis to test and confirm face validity, content validity, reliability, item reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity. Main Findings: Employee reticence is a valid employee attitude. The employee silence behaviour is supported by the theory of planned behaviour. It was found that the Theory of planned behaviour applies to the situations of employee silence. The scale of employee reticence developed, as the result of this study, is valid and ready to be used by researchers, organizational behaviourists, psychologists, and HR experts. Applications of this study: The study is applicable for change intervention programs in organizations by organizational behaviourists. The researchers can use it to explore and develop organizational and team-level attitudes of silence. Its scale is a useful tool, largely for recruiters for ensuring PO fit. It is usable to researchers for further exploration and using it as in organizational research including but not limited to Employee silence, knowledge management, and stress. Psychologists can take the lead from the concept of ER to develop similar constructs for their field for analysing their patients of stress etc. from this perspective. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is novel and original as the construct of employee reticence has been developed, introduced, and validated (employee-silence attitude). Further, the scale of the new construction has been constructed and validated, using standard methods.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental caries among the children presenting in a public dental hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan, as dental caries has been one of the most prevalent diseases among children all around the world. Different factors play a significant role in caries incidence, sugar intake being the most important one. Caries not only leads to dental pain, but also effects a child’s body functions, productivity and growth. This study evaluates the factors responsible for caries incidence among children. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan, Pakistan from August, 2022 to December, 2022. Data were collected on a specifically designed questionnaire. A total of 370 participants of age range between 3 to 12 years were chosen for this study. Consent from their parents was taken. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 22 and applying Eta-square test and Pearson’s correlation. Results: Gender had no significant effect on DMFT score with p-value of 0.3. Type and frequency of sugar intake had a significant effect with p-value of 0.00 for both. Age and DMFT were found to have a negative linear relationship. Conclusion: Increased refined sugar intake was the leading cause of dental caries among children of local population of South Punjab. Keywords: Dental caries, Caries, Children, Sugar Intake