Cytokines and growth factors are powerful modulators of the immune response. Their aberrant expression either by the tumor cells or by the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes confers a selective advantage to the tumor to grow and suppress the cytotoxic activity of the infiltrating lymphocytes. Therefore, analysis of these soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment can provide an insight into the understanding of the tumor behavior and may be used as a prognostic factor. In the present study the nature of the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cytokine profile was examined in 36 and 19 mammary carcinoma tissues, respectively, by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Phenotypic differences in the number of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) and lymphokine activated killer cells (CD16) was observed among TILs when patients with either early disease stage (39% and 46.6%, respectively) or those alive with no residual disease (31% and 52%, respectively) were compared with late stage (9.7% and 22.8%, respectively) or those dead of disease (14.6% and 15.6%, respectively). Furthermore, analysis of the 19 tumor samples for cytokine mRNA expression by RT‐PCR revealed the presence of TNF‐α, IL‐10, TGF‐β1, and IL‐2. However, semi‐quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated TGF‐ β1 expression to be significantly higher in patients with a favorable outcome (1.0246 attomoles/μmoles) as compared to patients with a poor prognosis (0.1157 attomoles/μmoles). Our results demonstrate the potential biological significance of certain host factors, particularly TILs and TGF β1 expression, on the outcome of breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 74:492–501, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The diagnostic ability of cytological preparations can be hampered by specimen inadequacy and the presence of representative cells, which may result in a diagnostic accuracy of only 70%. An immunocytochemical battery (ICC), which included anti-p53, anti-c-erbB-2, and B72.3 MoAbs, was used to enhance sensitivity in 87 specimens of body effusions. Thirty-six cases were positive for malignancy using conventional cytology. Forty cases were negative and 11 cases were inconclusive or had an equivocal diagnosis. Sensitivity was 65%, and there was a negative predictive value (NPV) of 62%. p53 was expressed in 50 cases (56%, sensitivity = 83%, NPV = 73%), and B72.3 MoAb was positive in 36 cases (37%, sensitivity = 66%, NPV = 64%). Forty-eight cases (56%) displayed reactivity with anti-c-erbB-2 (sensitivity = 75%, NPV = 63%). The authors concluded that application of an ICC panel of anti-p53, B72.3 and c-erbB-2 to complement conventional cytology increases sensitivity to 98% (P < .0005) with an NPV of 96% (P = .001).

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