The purpose of this study is to develop and compare two different techniques of adaptive presentation techniques (adaptive multimedia/ frames). Moreover, this study aimed at investigating the effect of both treatments on improving learning outcomes. The participants are two experimental groups: Group A (n = 35) were taught content through the multimedia-based technique, and group B (n = 35) were taught content through the frame-based technique. The results showed that the adaptive presentation techniques have an effect on enhancing students' learning outcomes. Also, the comparison of the techniques showed a significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups in favor of group A. The study concluded that the adaptive multimedia-based technique showed higher impact relatively than the frame-based technique. In light of these results, it is recommended that an expansion of the use of web-based adaptive presentation techniques WAPT for enhancing students' learning in higher education is needed.

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This study aimed to identify the educational and technical standards for designing mobile learning applications. To achieve the research objective, the descriptive method was adopted to analyze and describe the previous literature in order to deduce standards. A list of standards was developed in a form of questionnaire in order to identify significance and relevance of standards. The tool was applied in an electronic form to a sample of (35) educational technology experts from the teaching staff members in Faculties of Education in Egypt. After the analysis of the results, a list of educational and technical standards for designing mobile learning applications was identified. These included (5) educational standards with a total of (43) indicators, and (5) technical standards with a total of (48) indicators. In light of these results, a number of recommendations were proposed.

This study aimed to identify the educational and technical standards for designing mobile learning applications. To achieve the research objective, the descriptive method was adopted to analyze and describe the previous literature in order to deduce standards. A list of standards was developed in a form of questionnaire in order to identify significance and relevance of standards. The tool was applied in an electronic form to a sample of (35) educational technology experts from the teaching staff members in Faculties of Education in Egypt. After the analysis of the results, a list of educational and technical standards for designing mobile learning applications was identified. These included (5) educational standards with a total of (43) indicators, and (5) technical standards with a total of (48) indicators. In light of these results, a number of recommendations were proposed.