We study the effect that a series of fundamentalist-Islamic terrorist attacks in Europe had on the integration of Muslim immigrants in the Netherlands. Using a difference-in-difference approach we show that shortly after the attacks, Muslim immigrants" perceived integration decreased significantly compared to that of non-Muslim immigrants with no evidence for the existence of a negative trend in the integration of Muslims prior to the attacks. Labour market outcomes of Muslims were not negatively affected by the attacks. However, their geographic segregation increased significantly. We show that while low-skilled Muslims became particularly more geographically segregated, it is the high-skilled Muslims whose perceived integration is affected most negatively due to the attacks. The latter could be explained by their higher expectations on integrating in the host country, whereas the increase in geographic segregation of low-skilled Muslims might have been a buffer that mitigated the effect of terrorism on their perceived integration. We finally show that low perceived integration is associated with the intention to permanently re-migrate to the country of origin.

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Using data from the UK Skills Surveys 1997 show that the part-time pay penalty (PTPP) for women within low-and medium-skilled occupations has decreased significantly. The convergence in computer use and non-routine job tasks between part-time and full-time workers explains a large share of the decrease in the PTPP. This convergence took place mainly within occupations, and was not driven by changes in occupational segregation between the two groups of workers. The lower PTPP is also related to changes in the returns to job tasks. Relative changes in the importance of and returns to computer use and job tasks together explain more than 50 per cent of the decrease in the PTPP.