Heat island is known as the increases in air temperature through large and industrial cities compared to surrounding rural areas. In this study, remote sensing technology is used to monitor and track thermal variations within the city center of Baghdad through Landsat satellite images and for the period from 2000 to 2015. Several processors and treatments were applied on these images using GIS 10.6 and ERDAS 2014, such as image correction and extraction, supervised classification, and selection of training samples. Urban areas detection was resulted from the supervised classification linked to the temperature readings of the surface taken from the thermal bands of satellite images. The results showed that the surface temperature of the city of Baghdad increased by 8 degrees Celsius in 15 years. This is due to the increase in the expansion of the urban areas type of land use, where the human activity, especially after 2003, caused increased buildup area to about 198.41 km2. All these changes occurred at the expense of many green regions which were reduced, with the transformation of open and agricultural areas to residential, commercial, and industrial uses. Increases in surface temperature resulted increases in air temperature, where the minimum temperature showed larger increases relative to maximum temperature (about 1.44 and 0.76 ºC, respectively).

The vertical motion of air that enhances or restricts the atmospheric turbulence through atmospheric boundary layer is known as "atmospheric stability", in which any movement of atmospheric components such as water vapor, aerosols, etc. are affected by the atmospheric stability. The aim of this research is to test the effect of atmospheric boundary layer stability on the amount of downward aersols flux at 10um (PM10) emission from stacks of Daura refinery, and estimated of deposition dust aerosols PM10 amount in area around the Daura refinery. In this study, hourly atmospheric stability based on similar theory of Monin-Obukhov length is calculated from archived data of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast, and deposition velocity (Vd) for PM10 that is emitted from stacks Daura Refinery is calculated using the stability parameter (L). PM10 concentration is estimated according to the Gaussian model, which is used along with deposition velocity at this partical size in order to produce downward sedimentation flux (Fp) at distances 1000, 5000 and 10000 m from stack point sources emission. Results show that areas located to the south and southeast of the refinery receive large amounts of deposited flux values through stable weather conditions, where the accumulated PM10 amounts during one month have recorded 1.5 million μg /m2.s in January at a distance of 1000 m from refinery center stacks, while this amount reaches 532 million μg/m2.s during July due to the high emission rates resulting from burning fuel oil during July. The percentages of PM10 sedimentation decreased with the distance from the refinery to 1712 and 322839 μg /m2.s at a distance 10 km from the refinery in January and July, respectively. According to this method, the accumulated amount of PM10 in square meters can be estimated at any time, if atmospheric stability conditions and the domain of wind direction are known.

In this study heat and momentum fluxes have been determined at Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, by using eddy correlation method. It is one of the methods which determines heat and momentum fluxes and it is considered direct and accurate. This method depends on high response instruments like Ultrasonic Anemometer (model: 1590- PK- 020) which is used in this study. Observation period is about 53 days for 24 hours in months June, July and August from 15/06/2016 to 06//08/2016 and the observations included wind speed and temperature every second. MATLAB program has been used to process huge data to calculate heat and momentum fluxes (H and ). The maximum value of H equals 127.6 Wm-2 in 10:30 at 26/07/2016 and minimum value equals -58.9 Wm-2 in 07:30 at 29/06/2016, as well, the maximum value of  equals 0.134535 Nm-2 in 15:00 at 03/08/2016 and minimum value equals -0.4649 Nm-2 in 03:00 at 01/07/2016. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between H and. Also maximum frequency of friction velocity at unstable conditions.

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The topic of this study examines the release of methane gas from the landfill stations in the Baghdad Governorate, the biological decomposition and anaerobic decomposition (absence oxygen) breakdown of garbage, after the garbage is buried in the landfill stations. The objective of this research is to estimate the methane (CH4) emission rate, from landfill stations ineffective weather factors such as (temperature, wind speed and direction), and also the possibility of using it as a source of sustainable energy in Baghdad Governorate. Garbage was collected in nine congregational stations, located on both sides of Karkh and Rusafa. Through study the period from 2016 to 2018, the highest methane emission rate was 0.046 GgYr-1 in 2018, and the lowest methane emission rate was 0.0077GgYr-1 in 2017, while the annual total municipal solid waste (MSW) was 2421808m3 and 407665m3 respectively. The results also showed a monthly greatest amount of methane emission rate occurred in July and August at a rate 0.003 Gg/ month with average temperatures of 36Co and average wind speed of 4.3 m/s, while the lowest occurred in January and February at a rate 0.001Gg/month, with an average temperature of 11Co and average wind speed of 3 m/s, the prevailing wind direction is about 270o-337.5o. By converting municipal solid waste disposal sites (open dumps) to sanitary landfills with methane collection and utilization facilities. The methane from the garbage disposal sites can be used as a sustainable energy source to generate electrical energy estimated years 2016, 2017 and 2018, from the methane emission rate of about 57.666 kW/h -105.661kW/h.