The study aims to assess the impact of various doses of red bull on kidney and pancreas of male albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were assigned to three groups (10 animals/ group). Control group 1 received standard diet and water, group 2 and group 3 received daily oral doses of 10 ml/kg/rat and 20 ml/kg/rat of the energy drink (red bull) respectively for 30 days. Under light microscope no tissue changes were seen in kidney and pancreas of control group. In group 2 red bull causes vacuolar degeneration as well as coagulative necrosis of renal tubular epithelium, vascular congestion in the glomeruli and in the interstitial space of the kidney, in addition to atrophy of the glomeruli, as regard to pancreas it causes vascular congestion of the islets of Langerhans, increase in the size of the islets, besides, necrosis of Langerhans cells. In group 3 red bull leads to more atrophic glomeruli, massive coagulative necrosis of renal tubular epithelium, marked vascular dilatation and congestion in the interstitial space and degenerative changes of the renal tubular epithelium, whereas the pancreatic tissue revealed reduction in the size of the islets of Langerhans, vacuolation and degeneration of their cells, necrosis of other islets with mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration and degenerative changes of pancreatic acini. It is concluded that administration of red bull to rats for 30 days will affect the histological structure of kidney as well as pancreas and this effect is a dose dependent.

Objectives: To compare the local effect of therapeutic doses of meloxicam and diclofenac on the muscle of rats at different periods by intramuscular injection. Materials and methods: Thirty six adult albino rats were divided equally into 6 groups. The 1 st and 2 nd groups were injected intramuscularly with normal saline for 2 and 4 weeks respectively, the 3 rd and 4 th groups were injected intramuscularly with meloxicam for 2 and 4 weeks respectively, the last 2 groups were injected intramuscularly with diclofenac sodium also for 2 and 4 weeks respectively. The drugs were injected into the quadriceps femoris muscle of the right femur once each day till the end of the period stated. The specimens were histologically processed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined with light microscope. Results: No changes were seen in quadriceps femoris muscles of groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, whereas group 5 showed congested blood vessels within normal muscle tissue. In Group 6 mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration, vascular congestion, fibrosis, degenerative changes and muscle tissue necrosis were seen. Conclusion: Meloxicam is safer than diclofenac sodium on muscular tissue after a long-term daily intramuscular injection.

The ongoing work aims to compare the effect of extraneural and intraneural injection of therapeutic doses of meloxicam and diclofenac sodium on the sciatic nerve of rats. Six groups of adult albino rats were used with five animals per group. Control group (A), group (B), and group (C) received a single extraneural injection of normal saline (NS) 0.25 ml/kg/rat, meloxicam (M) 0.11 mg/kg/0.25ml/rat and diclofenac sodium (V) 1.1 mg/kg/0.25ml/rat respectively. In contrast, control group (D), group (E), and group (F) received a single intraneural injection of the same doses of normal saline, meloxicam, and diclofenac sodium, respectively. Histological evaluation reveals an increased thickening of epineurium, dilatation, congestion of epineurial blood vessels, intrafascicular edema, axonal degeneration, myelin degeneration, and vacuolization in group (C) which was higher than those in the group (B). These changes were also greater in group (F) compared to groups (D) and (E). The histopathological changes of the sciatic nerve were greatest in the case of intraneural injection of saline, meloxicam, and diclofenac sodium, which means that the damaging effect of intraneural injection of the drug was greater than the extraneural injection of the same drug. It is concluded that extraneural and intraneural injections of therapeutic doses of meloxicam cause less damage to the sciatic nerve compared to diclofenac sodium. Thus, it is considered to be more secure than diclofenac sodium after intramuscular injection. Sciatic nerve injury can occur following intramuscular injection into the gluteal region, particularly if the needle hits the nerve.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays energy drinks are markedly consumed by young people all over the world but till now there were only few literatures that describe their effect on the stomach and small intestine. AIM: The aim of the current study is to highlight the histopathological changes encountered in the stomach and small intestine that are induced by energy drinks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: a control group given only standard diet and distilled water, a group given a low dose of Tiger energy drink (1 ml/100 mg/rat/day), and a group given a high dose of Tiger energy drink (2 ml/100 mg/rat/day). These drinks were given orally via gastric tube for 1 month duration. RESULTS: Histological assessment of different sections of the stomach and small intestine has revealed parietal cell hyperplasia with congestion of gastric mucosal blood vessels, moreover partial loss of intestinal villi with goblet cell hyperplasia was observed in group treated with low dose of Tiger. Increasing the dose of this drink resulted in mononuclear cell infiltration associated with goblet cell metaplasia which could be an early marker for gastric cancer, furthermore complete loss of intestinal villi and degenerative changes of epithelial cells were seen in intestinal sections. These pathological changes seem to be dose related. CONCLUSION: There is a high risk on the rat’s stomach and small intestine in chronic consumers of energy drinks particularly when taken with no limits. Further work is recommended to delineate the exact mechanism of the pathological findings induced by energy drinks.