Background: Endodontic flare-up signifies pain and/or swelling seen within a few days after an endodontic appointment by patients requiring an emergency. These are undesirable and unwanted as they cause great discomfort to the subjects and stress to the operator due to swelling and pain.Aims: This study aims to determine the flare-up incidence and associated risk factors during endodontic treatment.Methods: The present retrospective study assessed 1000 patients of both genders for endodontic flare-ups. Flare-up cases were patients having swelling or pain within 1-3 days after a root canal appointment and needing an emergency visit for relieving the symptoms. After data recording, it was subjected to statistical analysis to assess related factors, flare-up cause, and incidence rate using Fisher's exact test and chi-square test.Results: In the present study, the incidence rate of flare-ups is 9.4%. The majority of flare-ups were in the molar teeth followed by the anterior teeth and 6.7% (n=30) of the premolar teeth. For the number of canals, it was seen in 13.6% (n=24) of cases with multiple canals, 5.5% (n=12) of cases with two canals, and 9.6% (n=58) of cases with a single canal. In patients with no medical history, flare-ups were significantly less compared to patients with medical history (p<0.001). A significantly higher number of flare-ups were in the teeth having pulp necrosis with periapical lesions with 45.9% (n=34) (p<0.001).Conclusion: Flare-ups are commonly seen in multiple canal teeth having pulp necrosis with periapical lesions with an associated medical history, with females being more prone to endodontic flare-up cases.

BackgroundBruxism is a parafunctional activity characterized by grinding or clenching of teeth and is a common oral health concern in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Understanding the prevalence of bruxism in this population is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This systematic review and meta‐analysis is aimed to investigate the prevalence of bruxism among individuals with DS and explore its association with other oral health issues;MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted across multiple electronic databases to identify relevant studies. Cross‐sectional and observational studies were included. Data on bruxism prevalence and associated factors were extracted, and a meta‐analysis was performed using both fixed and random‐effects models of MedCalc software. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using I2 statistics. New Castle – Ottawa scale was used to evaluate methodological quality of the included studiesResultsEight studies met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Seven studies used a questionnaire to assess bruxism. The pooled proportion estimate for occurrence of Down's syndrome across the included studies was found to be 0.33 (95% CI: 0.22‐0.45) as per the RE model and 0.35(95% CI: 0.31‐0.450) as per FE model in the quantitative analysis. All studies exhibited good methodological qualityConclusionThis systematic review and meta‐analysis provide evidence of a significant prevalence of bruxism among individuals with Down syndrome. The findings highlight the association of bruxism with other oral health issues and specific chromosomal abnormalities. Comprehensive oral health assessments, including diagnostic procedures like PSG, are essential for addressing the unique oral health needs of individuals with DS. Further studies are recommended with a valid tool for the diagnosis. Early interventions and management strategies need to be tailored to this population, considering the multifaceted nature of oral health concerns in individuals with DS.