The Government of Indonesia is encouraging investments in renewable energy based power plants in Indonesia, including wind power plants (WPPs). Two large WPPs in the Southern Sulawesi interconnected power system are Sidrap WPPs and Jeneponto WPPs. Both Sidrap WPP and Jeneponto WPP are the largest WPPs in Indonesia and they account for significant contribution for the Southern Sulawesi power generation mix. Considering the intermittency characteristics of WPPs and system’s failure probability, therefore it is essential to assess the system’s stability after their integration. This work evaluates the frequency stability of the Southern Sulawesi interconnected power system with the integration of both Sidrap WPPs and Jeneponto WPPs.

Transmission and distribution lines are the most parts in power systems affected by faults during their operation. Therefore, it is required to maintain suitable coordination between all the protection relays is used to protect them during faults. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to solve the coordination problems of the directional overcurrent relays (DOC) in interconnected systems. GA is used to obtain the optimum time multiplier setting (TMS) of these relays. A comparison has been made with previous work in literature to show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm and the total operatination time of DOC in the network has been minimized. The results confirm the superior performance of the proposed algorithm and these results have been validated by using an electric transient and analysis program(ETAP).

To ensure stability, security, and protection of electrical equipment from the damage the suitable coordination must be made in interconnected networks. In this paper, the nonlinear multivariable optimization techniques have been used with different performance indexes: Sequential quadratic programming (SQP), Sequential quadratic programming legacy (SQP-Legacy), Interior-Point and Active-Set for IEEE- 8 bus test system.  This system consists of twenty-eight protective relays divided into fourteen directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) and fourteen distance relays (DR). It has been tested in the ETAP environment to obtain three-phase short circuit current at the near and far end faults and operating time for all DOC relays for near-end fault as well as test the second zone time for distance relays (TZ2) with pilot signal (WP)and without pilot signal (WOP) of the proposed algorithm was used to reduce overall operating time of DOC relays and obtain optimal values for time multiplier setting (TMS) and TZ2 with the different coordination time interval (CTI) between main and backup relays. The simulation results were validated in ETAP program prove that the effectiveness of the Active-Set to minimize the TMS and TZ2 for the system.<em> </em>

The relay is very important part of a power system to protect the electrical power system from the disturbances. The new proposed relay is overcurrent relay OCR that be used to protect the devices from any increasing of setting current. The new designs of OCR based on embedded system that used to emulate two characteristics: Instantaneous and Definite Time, The Instantinious work directly without any wait when the current exceed the max current that causes system damage, the other type is working when the passing current exceeded the setting current and at the same time the current continuous in a period of time. The proposed circuit which is used with three-phase power system load depending on the Arduino Mega as a main controller of OCR. The experimental results showed the reliability, sensitivity and flexibility under different operation conditions. This relay was tested on the modern electric system from (Audubon company) to several cases and the results showed the efficiency of the proposed OCR to protect the system.

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