Tourism in Egypt is one of the most important sources of national income, with the annual dollar revenues it provides, and the foreign currency returns that enabled it to participate significantly in the gross domestic product, and to combat unemployment by employing a wide segment of the workforce in Egypt. Egypt is one of the most prominent tourist countries in the world, with its number of tourists arriving in the world, and it is distinguished by the abundance of tourist attractions of all kinds, the spread of temples, museums, monuments, historical and artistic buildings and vast gardens on its land, and its possession of strong infrastructure based on serving the tourism sector, including Hotel rooms, villages, tourist resorts, tourism companies and airline offices. In this paper, we present an overview of tourism in Egypt and its impact on the Egyptian economy based on a data published by the World Tourism Organization (2019) and by the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, 2017. We indicate the types of tourism in Egypt. We present the factors which have an impact on tourism in Egypt. Finally, we present the contribution of tourism in Egyptian economy. From our analysis, it has been shown that tourism is one of the most important fields in Egypt and indeed in all countries around the world, but tourism in Egypt is characterized by many factors, as Egypt abounds in many recreational and tourist places, and there is also religious tourism because Egypt has many religious places.

PurposeThis paper provides an important perspective to the predictive capacity of Fed and European Central Bank (ECB) meeting dates and production announcements for the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) between Bitcoin and energy commodities returns and volatilities during the period from August 11, 2015 to March 31, 2018.Design/methodology/approachTo assess empirically the unanticipated component of the US and ECB monetary policy, the authors pursue the Kuttner's approach and use the federal funds futures and the ECB funds futures to assess the surprise component. The authors use the approach of DCC as introduced by Engle (2002) during the period from August 11, 2015 to March 31, 2018.FindingsThe authors’ results suggest strong significant DCCs between Bitcoin and energy commodity markets if monetary policy surprises are incorporated in variance. These results confirmed the financialization of Bitcoin and commodity energy markets. Finally, the DCC between Bitcoin and energy commodity markets appears to respond considerably more in the case of Fed surprises than ECB surprises.Originality/valueThis study is a crucial topic for policymakers and portfolio risk managers.

The research objective is to investigate the impact of organizational culture (OC) based on the Cameron and Quinn model (The Competing Value Framework) on financial performance (FP) in Egyptian hotels. The research used 5 dimensions (occupancy percentage, average of room rate, RevPAR, average of market share, average of revenue) to measure FP in hotels. Quantitative methods were used to achieve the research objective through the questionnaire. A total of 416 questionnaires were provided to general managers, executive managers, HR managers, and quality managers working in four, five-star hotels in Sharm El Sheikh city 104 hotel in Egypt. The research used three main data analysis techniques such as descriptive analysis, correlation, and multi regression by SPSS V25. Empirical findings showed that OC had a positive effect on the FP of hotels. The research recommends hotels in Egypt to attention to the consolidation of OC types, because of their positive impact on enhancing FP of hotels; promoting organizational values such as fairness, equality, teamwork, and cooperation among employees; enhancing the interest of organizational beliefs such as the human element, job satisfaction, increase rewards and incentives.

The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the nexus between education accumulation and economic growth for a sample of middle-income countries through panel data regressions. The sample consists of 28 middle-income countries from various continents: North Africa and the Middle East (6 countries), sub-Saharan Africa (7 countries), Latin America and the Caribbean (8 countries), East Asia and the Pacific (3 countries), and Europe and Central Asia (4 countries). Education is measured by quantitative (average years of labour force study) and qualitative indicators (student scores on international assessments of educational achievements). To test the impact of education accumulation on GDP per capita growth, a static panel is used during the period of study from 1970 to 2014. A dynamic panel is also being developed to estimate the effect of the education stock on the growth rate of GDP per capita. The results confirm the positive and significant impact of the education quantity and quality on economic growth, both in level and variation. The stock of education and its increase are positively affecting the growth. Moreover, this paper’s original findings suggest that the quality of education is more significant than its quantity.