Leukemia is the most commonly diagnosed childhood cancer, although its etiology is still largely unknown. Growing evidence supports a role for infection in the etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and the involvement of the immune system suggests that vaccination may also play a role. However, the findings presented in the published literature are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis. 14 studies were identified and meta-analyzed. Vaccinations studied comprised Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Triple vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV), Polio, Measles, Rubella, Mumps, trivalent MMR vaccine and Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB) vaccine. We observed a protective association between any vaccination in the first year of life and risk of childhood leukemia (summary odds ratio (OR) 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.91]). When individual vaccines were analysed, some evidence of an association was seen only for BCG (summary OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.50–1.08]). In conclusion, early vaccination appears to be associated with a reduced risk of childhood leukemia. This finding may be underpinned by the association observed for BCG. Given the relatively imprecise nature of the results of this meta-analysis, our findings should be interpreted cautiously and replicated in future studies.

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) considered a potential complication correlated with diabetes type 1 and type 2 (T2DM). Objective: The present study was aimed for better control of T2DM complications such as diabetic DPN and to assess the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) level and DPN. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinics, Zagazig University Hospital and El Ahrar Teaching Hospital. The study included 50 patients; aged between 42 and 78 years, divided into two groups, diabetic group without neuropathy (DM) and diabetic group with peripheral neuropathy. Results: The findings revealed that there was a statistically insignificant difference between DM, and DPN groups and gender, age, weight, height, BMI. There was a significant difference between the two studied groups and duration of diabetes and SUA. There was a statistically insignificant difference between DM and DPN groups and type of medication, systolic BP, diastolic BP, Hemoglobin A1c, and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion: It could be concluded that elevated SUA level increased the chance of developing peripheral neuropathy in a person with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Many animal experiments and large-scale clinical observations and experiments are needed to confirm this observation.