Background: The subsequent development of vascular access techniques and devices now permits patients to be maintained on dialysis for decades. Aim of study: To evaluate the most possible causes behind repeated arteriovenous (AV) access failure in ESRD patients and finding the relationship between those causes and the timing of access failure, and putting the possible solutions in the form of interventions and guidelines for those patients. Patients and methods: This retrospective non-randomized study was conducted in department of vascular surgery, Al-Azhar University Hospitals – Cairo (Al-Hussein and Sayed Glal Hospitals). This study was conducted on 100 ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis and with repeated AV access failure; at least two failed accesses for each patient. The total number of failed accesses was 245 where 230 accesses were autogenous AV fistulae and 15 were synthetic bridge grafts in upper limb. Results: Among the cases of access thrombosis 25.5% were associated with access stenosis, 10.5% with hypotension, and 2.5% with external compression. Among the cases of failure of maturation 16% were due to small vein diameter (less than 2.5 mm), 9% associated with hypotension, and 7% with hypotension together with central venous stenosis.

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Background: Varicose veins are common in the adult population and about one in four develops the condition throughout life.Objective: To compare micro stab phlebectomy and foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of recurrent leg varicose veins regarding results of treatment, incidence of complications, and recurrence. Patients and methods:This was a prospective observational cohort study included fifty patients with recurrent varicose veins divided in two equal comparative groups: Group A underwent stab phlebectomy and group B underwent foam sclerotherapy. The study duration was between

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