Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important foodborne pathogens causing illness in humans and animals. Thus, a study was undertaken to investigate the incidence of Listeria species in fresh and dry fish samples marketed in Mysore, India. A total of 164 fresh and dry fish samples collected from retail outlet shops of Mysore, South India, during the period August 2005 through August 2006 were examined for the presence of Listeria species by using ISO 11290 protocol. The incidence of Listeria species was positive in 62 samples (37.8%), and L. monocytogenes was isolated from only three (1.83%) fresh fish samples. Listeria species in seafood were predominant in the order of Listeria innocua (50) (30.49%), Listeria grayi (eight) (4.9%), L. monocytogenes (three) (1.83%) and Listeria seeligeri (one) (0.6%). All isolates of Listeria species were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed with the genus‐specific set of primers, and special emphasis was given for detection of L. monocytogenes using a species‐specific set of primers. The specificity and sensitivity of PCR were in good correlation with the cultural methods. The results indicated a high incidence of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes in fresh fish samples. This warrants the need for appropriate control measures as this would pose a serious threat to human health.

Background: Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 serotypes, is one of the most important healthcare associated infections (HAI) among patients in Yemen. Aim: This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with cholera outbreaks, clinical presentations, and antibiotic susceptibility of the V. cholerae strains isolated among inpatient in Diarrheal Treatment Centers (DTCs) in Sana’a City. Methods: This is a matched case-control study carried out on 134 DTC inpatients (cases) aged from 2 to 85 years who had a mean age of  26.8 years; and 134 community healthy individuals (control), ranged in age from 2 to 85 years with a mean age of 27.1 years in Sana'a. The identified isolates were tested for antibiotics susceptibility using disc diffusion technique.  Data were analyzed using Epi Info 7.2. Express the quantitative data as mean values, standard deviation (SD), when the data are normally distributed. Results: Among the cases, females are more susceptible to cholera than males (62.7% vs. 37.3%), and there is an increase in the incidence of cholera with age as 32.8% of cases were in the ≥35-year age group. There were significant risk factors for cholera with unwashed fruits (OR=33, p<0.001), unwashed vegetables (OR=5.3, p=0.001), outside foods (OR=129, p<0.001), and leftovers un-cooled food (OR=2, p=0.04). Also, collapsed drinking water and sanitation system (OR=4.5, p<0.001), sewage running in street (OR=8.7, p<0.001), and contact with diarrhea persons in the home (OR=33.3, p<0.001) were factors associated with cholera, while being vaccinated with cholera vaccines (OR=0.11, p<0.001) and use of pipes for sewage disposal (OR=0.5, p=0.02) were factors protectively associated with cholera. Conclusion: Cholera affects all age groups in Sana’a, with females and persons of the age group greater than 35 years mostly affected. The most common clinical presentations were watery diarrhea and abdominal pain. Consumption of unwashed fruits, vegetables, outside food, unrefrigerated food, use of breakdown sewage system, dilapidated sewage near the home, running of street sewage, and contact with diarrhea in the home were risk factors, while cholera vaccination was protective against it. Therefore there is need to ensure that proper hygiene and sanitation to prevent infection.                         Peer Review History: Received: 1 May 2022; Revised: 12 June; Accepted: 28 June, Available online: 15 July 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bountain Welcome Tebeda,Chemical Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria. bountaintebeda@yahoo.com Dr. Esther Marguerite Chase DJANGA, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Department of Public Health. University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon. e.djanga@yahoo.com Similar Articles:   EPIDEMICITY OF VIBRIO CHOLERA IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN: PREVALENCE AND POTENTIAL DETERMINANTS SURVEY OF SAFETY PRACTICES IN DIARRHEAL TREATMENT CENTERS: CHOLERA TREATMENT CENTERS IN YEMEN