Immigrants are new comers in a labor market. As a consequence, they lack of social networks and other country specific and not directly productive valuable assets affecting their relative bargaining position against employers. We introduce this simple observation into a matching model of the labor market and show that immigrants increase employment prospects of competing natives. To test the predictions of our model, we exploit yearly variations between 1998 and 2004 in the share of immigrants within occupations of 12 European countries. We identify the causal impact of immigrants on natives' employment rate using an instrumental variable strategy based on historical settlement patterns across host countries and occupations by origin countries. We find that natives' employment rate increases in occupations and sectors receiving more immigrants. Moreover, we highlight the heterogeneity of this impact across groups of immigrants and host countries along dimensions that affect immigrants-natives relative reservation wages.
Over the period 1994–2012, immigrants’ wage growth in France outperformed that of natives. We investigate to what extent changes in task‐specific returns to skills contributed to this wage dynamics differential through two channels: changes in the valuation of skills (price effect) and occupational sorting (quantity effect). We find that the wage growth premium of immigrants is mainly explained by the progressive reallocation of immigrants toward tasks whose returns increase over time. Immigrants seem to have taken advantage of labor demand restructuring driven by globalization and technological changes.
Résumé Cet article étudie la nouvelle émigration européenne vers les États-Unis en s’appuyant sur les données du Census américain disponibles pour la période 1980-2006. Cette vague d’émigration concerne un nombre réduit de personnes, mais est croissante. En effet, depuis 1990, les émigrants sont de plus en en plus sélectionnés dans la fraction de niveau le plus élevé de la population active des pays d’origine, que ce soit en termes d’éducation, de niveau scientifique ou de caractéristiques inobservables. La hausse des années quatre-vingt-dix s’est trouvée amplifiée du fait que ceux qui sont rentrés étaient moins nombreux, plus âgés, et relativement moins éduqués. Cet article apporte quelques premiers éléments d’explication qui montrent que la fuite des cerveaux est le reflet de la faible demande, en Europe, pour la main-d’œuvre qualifiée. L’article indique aussi que les changements technologiques déclenchés par des pertes en capital humain pourraient rendre ces départs de plus en plus coûteux pour l’Europe en termes de productivité. Classification JEL : F22 ; J24 ; J31 ; O31.
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