Background: Serum ferritin is an iron storage protein with a primary role of regulating cellular oxygen metabolism, Ferritin has emerged as a key in the immune system, and its role as an acute phase reactant, recent studies have focused on the role of serum inflammatory markers that predict COVID-19. Patients and methods: This study included 210 non hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection in Alexandria, Egypt, these study subjects were randomly selected irrespective of the age group and both genders were included, Assay procedure as manufactory instructions and Reagents of PerkinElmer Health sciences. Inc USA kit human ferritin enzyme immunoassay test catalog number 10601 was used. Results:The present study included patients aged from14 years to 75 years mean age was 44.5 ±30.5 who were confirmed to have Covid-19 based on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the female gender was more frequent (n=132, 62.9%) than Male gender (n=78, 37.1%). This study reveals high serum ferritin level in 150 patients (71.4 %), which was a significant biomarker for COVID-19 diagnosis in nonhospitalized patients (Outpatients and patients under home observation), the p-value is .014738. Significant at p< .05. Conclusion and Recommendations: Serum ferritin level is a good biomarker of infection in COVID-19 non-hospitalized patients, many other studies revealed ferritin is a good marker for COVD-19 hospitalized patients, Increased ferritin levels could cause a cytokine storm by exerting direct immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory effects, It has been reported that fatal outcomes by COVID-19 are accompanied by cytokine storm syndrome, Many individuals with diabetes and immunosuppressive diseases exhibit elevated serum ferritin levels, and it is known that they face a higher probability to experience serious complications from COVID-19 infection, so these patients must go to the medical laboratory for serum ferritin level analysis, to decrease ferritin levels might be the treatment with iron chelators. Deferoxamine, which was approved by the FDA, with decreasing dietary iron should be also considered as they have been shown to modify serum ferritin levels.

No abstract

Background:The D-dimer is formed by the activation of the plasmin enzyme, and elevated levels indicate that there is a hypercoagulable state and secondary fibrinolysis in the body, which is extremely useful for the diagnosis of thrombotic diseases. Patients with COVID-19 were reported to have a hypercoagulable state. Patients and methods: This study included 231 out hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection in Alexandria, Egypt, these study subjects were randomly selected irrespective of the age group and both genders were included. Results:The present study included patients aged from14 years to 75 years mean age was 44.5 ±30.5 who were confirmed to have Covid-19 based on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, This study reveals high plasma D-dimer levels in 84 patients (36.4%), which was a significant biomarker for COVID-19 diagnosis in out-hospitalized patients (Outpatients and patients under home observation), with a p-value is 0.00001 which less than 0.05. Conclusion and Recommendations: False data about D-dimer was caused more deaths in Egypt for patients and physicians, they thought Anticoagulation therapy was only for hospitalized patients and not for outhospitalized patients with moderate infection, they thought the D-dimer test is not important for outhospitalized patients, but this study showed a high level of D-dimer 36.4% in out-hospitalized patients with COVID-19, so 36.4% of outpatients and patients under home observation need Anticoagulation therapy to decrease the complications of COVID-19 infection, Many individuals with diabetes and immunosuppressive diseases it is known that they face a higher probability to experience serious complications from COVID-19 infection so Anticoagulation therapy is suggested before the elevation of D-dimer level to avoid serious complications.

Schistosomiasis is one of the most important diseases of humans in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, it is a chronic disease, it comes after malaria in socioeconomic and public health importance among parasitic diseases. It is estimated that about 779 million people are at risk of infection, about 240 million are infected, of whom 120 million are symptomatic and 20 million have serious consequences (WHO, 2014). This infection has been recorded in Egypt from early pharaonic times (3200 B.C.) by the demonstration of Schistosome eggs and circulating Schistosome antigens in mummies. After the discovery of the parasite's life cycle in1915, Egypt started to fight against the disease by implementing pilot projects using either snail control or chemotherapy. In Egypt, between 1989 and 1996, about 2.5 million schistosomiasis cases were diagnosed and treated, mentioning that the prevalence of schistosomiasis was close to 40% in 1983 at the national level. The Ministry of Health and Population in Egypt has announced the start of a campaign to confirm the final elimination of schistosomiasis by 2020 after the ministry has achieved success in reducing the prevalence of schistosomiasis to about 0.2% by the end of 2016.

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