The Validity and Reliability of the scales used in research are essential factors that enable the research to yield beneficial results. For this reason, it is useful to understand how the Reliability and Validity of the scales are measured correctly by researchers. The primary purpose of this study is to provide information on how the researchers test the Validity and Reliability of the scales used in their empirical studies and to provide resources for future research. For this purpose, the concepts of Validity and Reliability are introduced, and detailed explanations have been provided regarding the main methods used in the evaluation of Validity and Reliability with examples taken from the literature. It is considered that this study, which is a review, will attract the attention of researchers.

This study was conducted in order to analyze the effect of the nurses’ quality of work life based on fear about COVID-19 and examine the psychological well-being as a moderating variable in this relationship. The survey questionnaire was administered among nurses between 1 November 2020 and 14 November 2020. The self-report survey comprised the nurse information survey, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, work quality of life scale, and psychological well-being scale as data collection tools. Data were obtained from 339 nurses. The findings show that fear of COVID-19 negatively affects nurses’ quality of work life. It has been determined that PWB plays a moderating role in this relationship. While the fear of COVID-19 negatively affects the quality of work life in nurses with low psychological well-being, there is not any kind of significant effect on the quality of work life in nurses with high psychological well-being. This result shows that as the psychological well-being of nurses’ increases, fear of COVID-19 effect on quality of work life decreases. The results of the study show that responses designed to enhance psychological well-being can enhance nurses' working conditions that could reduce the negative effects of the fear of COVID-19. There is an urgent need for clinical and policy strategies to help increase nurses’ PWB in order to increase the quality of work life by reducing fear and also anxiety among nurses fighting on the front line during COVID-19.

PurposeThis research aimed to determine how and why inclusive leadership is effective in innovative work behaviors (IWBs). For this purpose, a conceptual model including inclusive leadership, IWBs, psychological resilience capacity and leader–member exchange (LMX) has been proposed.Design/methodology/approachTo test the proposed model, a questionnaire was administered to the employees of a Turkish telecommunications company located in Istanbul and Ankara. Data obtained from 459 employees selected by convenience sampling method were analyzed using SPSS-24 and PROCESS macro.FindingsThe results show that inclusive leadership has a positive effect on IWBs through psychological resilience capacity. Additionally, it has been determined that LMX plays a moderated mediation role in this relationship.Originality/valueThe research model, which is a new attempt in the literature, contributes to filling a significant gap in leadership research and presents a holistic perspective to readers and practitioners in understanding the effects of the inclusive leader on IWBs by testing the moderated mediation effect of LMX.

PurposeThis article aims to examine the relationship between transformational leadership and job performance on the basis of social exchange theory and perceived organizational support theory. The article also attempts to examine the mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderated mediation role of leader support in this relationship.Design/methodology/approachIn this article, a self-report survey was collected from 524 employees and Process Macro to SPSS-23 was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe article found that transformational leadership has a positive effect on job performance and that self-efficacy plays a mediating role in this relationship. The article also determined that leader support has a moderated mediation role on the effect of transformational leadership on job performance through self-efficacy.Originality/valueThe research findings broaden the existing literature on transformational leadership and job performance by proposing an alternative model of how and under what conditions transformational leadership can affect job performance, and enrich the understanding of the conditions in which transformational leadership affects job performance. Although previous research provides a theoretical framework that connects the variables included in the research, there is no study in the literature that empirically confirms the proposed model. Thus, the authors' research is a pioneering attempt to test that relationship.

PurposeGlobalisation has made higher education increasingly multicultural. Although multicultural university students' attitudes and interactions with different cultures affect their academic success as well as entrepreneurial intentions, only a few studies have analysed this topic. Therefore, this study examined the assumption that positive psychological capital (PsyCap) mediates the relationship between attitudes towards multiculturalism and entrepreneurial intentions.Design/methodology/approachA model was proposed and empirically tested 564 university students in Northern Cyprus. Data were analysed using SPSS 23 and AMOS 18 using the PROCESS Macro and Bootstrap methods.FindingsThe results indicated that improving university students' attitudes towards multiculturalism will have a beneficial effect on their entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, PsyCap is a mediator variable on the relationship between multicultural attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the literature by theoretically and empirically examining how attitudes towards multiculturalism and PsyCap impact university students' entrepreneurial intentions. Its limitations can be overcome through future research.Practical implicationsThe study's findings are valid in two areas: (1) assisting policymakers, researchers and academics to better understand the critical influence of university students' attitudes towards multiculturalism on their entrepreneurial intentions, particularly since this topic had not been extensively studied; (2) advancing theoretical discussions by examining the positive effects of internal factors such as PsyCap in terms of multicultural attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions.Social implicationsThe study provides empirical evidence that academics and university administrators should pay attention to multicultural attitudes to increase university students' entrepreneurial intentions. Hence, it focused on the relationship between multicultural society, entrepreneurial intentions, and PsyCap.Originality/valueAttitudes towards multiculturalism influence students' entrepreneurial intentions through PsyCap. The context of cultural values and multiculturalism determines the premises of entrepreneurial intentions. This study is unique and innovative as it brings a new focus to academic literature.