Abstract-This paper presents a new approach for unsupervised segmentation of histopathological tissue images. This approach has two main contributions. First, it introduces a new set of high-level texture features to represent the prior knowledge of spatial organization of the tissue components. These texture features are defined on the tissue components, which are approximately represented by tissue objects, and quantify the frequency of two component types being cooccurred in a particular spatial relationship. As they are defined on components, rather than on image pixels, these object cooccurrence features are expected to be less vulnerable to noise and variations that are typically observed at the pixel level of tissue images. Second, it proposes to obtain multiple segmentations by multilevel partitioning of a graph constructed on the tissue objects and combine them by an ensemble function. This multilevel graph partitioning algorithm introduces randomization in graph construction and refinements in its multilevel scheme to increase diversity of individual segmentations, and thus, improve the final result. The experiments on 200 colon tissue images reveal that the proposed approach-the object cooccurrence features together with the multilevel segmentation algorithm-is effective to obtain high-quality results. The experiments also show that it improves the segmentation results compared to the previous approaches.

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İlkokulun başlıca işlevlerinden biri bireyin toplumsallaşmasını sağlamaktır. Bu çerçevede okulda, genelde örtük programla görgü kuralları da kazandırılır. Hayat bilgisi dersi de görgü kurallarını kazandıran bir amaca ve içeriğe sahip görünür. Bu sorunsaldan hareketle çalışmanın amacı, hayat bilgisi dersi öğretim programında görgü kuralları eğitimi hakkında öğretmen görüşlerini ortaya koyarak programa ilişkin bir değerlendirmede bulunmaktır. Araştırmada nitel yöntemlerden bütüncül tekli durum deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu bir ilkokulda 1, 2 ve 3. sınıfları okutan 12 sınıf öğretmeni oluşturmuştur. Veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile toplanmış ve içerik analizi tekniğiyle çözümlenmiştir. Çalışmada öğretmenlerin; görgü kuralları eğitimini toplumun düzeni ve bireyin topluma uyum sağlaması amacıyla önemsediği görülmüştür. Buna ek olarak öğretmenler, Hayat Bilgisi programının uygulamaya az yer verdiği için etkinlik bağlamında yetersiz kaldıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin görgü kurallarını aile ve çevreden kaynaklı olarak davranışa dönüştürmede zorlandıklarını bildirmişlerdir.

In this study, since it is aimed to determine the general trends of the researches on critical thinking skills carried out in Turkey between the years 2018-2021, the model of the research is; It is document analysis under the heading of analytical research. In the selection of the documents, the National Thesis Search Center of the Higher Education Council, Google Academic search engine, ULAKBİM and ERIC databases were used. The data obtained in the study; Interpreted by giving frequencies with the help of figures and tables. As a result of the research; In the studies, the survey model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used the most, the sample was primary school 4th grade students, and the most frequently used measurement tool; It was determined that it was the Critical Thinking Scale developed by Demir (2006). In the studies, it has been seen that applications for critical thinking are mostly done in Science and Turkish lessons.In the results of the research; primary school teachers' awareness of critical thinking is high,while pre-service teachers' awareness of secondary and primary school students' awareness of critical thinking is high;on the other hand, it is stated that all of the practice-oriented studies have a significant positive effect and in the textbooks and curricula; it has been determined that critical thinking skills are not sufficiently included.

Modeling is an important form of learning when the characters of the students are not yet fully formed by age. It is understood that taking a model has an important place in the development of behavior when it is considered that the student identifies with the people he/she chooses as role models. The role models in the textbooks contribute to the internalization of positive behaviors in the lessons where the student has the opportunity to identify with his life. The aim of this research is to determine the distribution of role models in Turkish, Life Studies, Social Studies, Mathematics and Science textbooks taught in primary schools according to gender and field of activity. In this direction, document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. Examined documents Turkish 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade textbooks Life Studies 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade textbooks, Social Studies 4th grade textbooks, Mathematics 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th grades textbooks and 3rd and 4th grade science textbooks. When the textbooks were examined, no role models were found in the mathematics textbooks. It has been determined that only 12 of these role models are women, in which 110 different role models are included in 10 textbooks. No one was found as a role model in any of the 10 books. As a field of activity, it has been determined that role models are included in the field of "science" most frequently in all courses, followed by the field of "military".