Gayal (Bos frontalis) is a semi domesticated and endangered bovine species in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to know the present distribution, performances and utility of gayal in the home tract.Bandarban Hill district was found the home tract of gayal in Bangladesh. Gayals were reared under extensive management system in the forest of Bandarban Hill district. They browsed forest herbs and grass freely in the forest and came to human dwelling for salt licking. Total number of gayal was counted between 800-900. The average number of gayal per farmer was 5.01. The coat color of adult gayal was black. White stocking was very prominent in adult gayal. The height at wither and weight for adult males ranged from 126 to 136 cm and 490 to 577 kg, respectively. Reproductive efficiency was high and calving interval was 402 days. They exhibited high disease resistant. The PVC (Pack Cell Volume) and hemoglobin value was 33.5±5.71% and 13.43±2.9 g/dl, respectively. Gayal was used only as meat animal. The high growth rate and reproductive efficiency of gayal in the home tract indicates that this species can be utilized economically if proper breeding plan and sound extension service can be adopted.

Haemonchus contortus is a major gastrointestinal nematode affecting goat in China and Bangladesh like many countries in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Haemonchus contortus infection in different goat breeds/populations in China and Bangladesh under the natural grazing condition.  Fecal Egg of Haemonchus contortus was counted from 430 goats in both countries using McMaster’s technique. Body weight, Pack Cell Volume and Hemoglobin value were measured for Bangladeshi goats. Statistical analysis was done after transforming data into log10 (n+1), where n is the number of egg per gram feces and analysis of variance was done by using Generalized Linear Model procedures of computer package of SAS. Prevalence of parasite and Fecal Egg Count varied significantly (P<0.01) in all six goat populations. The highest prevalence (88.89%) of Haemonchus contortus infection was found in Enshi Black and the highest parasitic load (527.74 ±78.13 epg) was found in Chinese hybrid goat population. Most of the individuals, except Chinese hybrid goats, had Fecal Egg Count less than 300 epg. Fecal Egg Count between sexes within breed of goat did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Black Bengal goat in the hilly region of Bangladesh was the least susceptible to Haemonchus contortus infection in term of Fecal Egg Count. Our study suggests that Chinese goat breeds were more susceptible to Haemonchus contortus infection as compared to Black Bengal goat of Bangladesh under natural grazing condition. Further studies on immune-genetics aspects of goats might be helpful to find out the actual causes of such differences and to develop disease resistant breed of goat.Progressive Agriculture 27 (4): 473-481, 2016

Our previous association study revealed the mutation in candidate immune genes (NOD1 & NLRP9) was significantly associated with FEC of Haemonchus contortus infection in Yichang white goats, but the relative expression of mRNA of those genes associated with resistance to H. contortus was not investigated. Aim of the current experiment was to evaluate the susceptible and resistant individuals to nematode infection within the population of Yichang white goat (YWG) and assess the differential level of mRNA expression of those candidate genes in the abomasal tissues of susceptible and resistant goats. Fecal egg count (FEC) was determined using a modified McMaster technique, and the hematological parameter was measured by Mindray auto hematology analyzer. Phenotype data were collected and analyzed using a generalized linear model with SAS statistical program. Field investigate revealed that the prevalence (76%) with maxium parasite load (734.34±84.21epg) of H. contortus occurred in August within the experimental flock  FEC in resistant group (103.38±1.20epg) and susceptible group (1180.25±43.53epg) group  demonstrated the presence of  two distinct goat populations within this breed. Four resistant and four susceptible goats were selected from each group. The parasite infection was established by artificially challenge with 5000 infective L3 larvae of H. contortus. Abomasal tissues were collected from all experimental goats after 42 days of post-infection. FEC, Body weight, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin value were significantly different (P < 0.01) between resistant and susceptible group of goats. Quantitative real-time PCR in abomasal tissues revealed that the expression level of mRNA for NOD1 (P < 0.00001), IFNG (P < 0.0001), NLRP9, TLR8, IL32, (P < 0.001) and IGF1 (P < 0.01) was higher in resistant goat compared to susceptible, except SFTPA1. These findings revealed the presence of genetic resistant individuals to H. contortus within the goat breed and expression of NOD1 and  NLRP9 genes proved the positive finding of our previous study. Presence of genetic resistant individuals in Yichang white goat YWG breed could be a good candidate for selective breeding and highly expressed genes related to resistant could be used as biomarkers to develop H. contortus resistant goat population. Progressive Agriculture 30 (2): 194-208, 2019

Artificial challenge trial and field trial were carried out in two populations of Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh to evaluate the resistance to Haemonchus Contortus-a major gastrointestinal nematode in goat. Artificial challenge trial revealed that there was no difference in susceptibility of H. contortus in Black Bengal goat of hilly region (BBH) and Black Bengal goat of western region (BBW). In absence of parasitic infection, growth rate of kids of both populations were almost equal. Field trial was conducted with kids of BBW population to find out the within breed variation. Numerically, there was variation among the individuals for parasitic load however the results were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). At individual level, the parasite load ranged from 100 to 400 eggs per gram (epg). The location of villages, age and sex of kids did not influence on the parasitic load of kids. There was no interaction for location, age and sex for body weight at day 8. The Packed Cell Volume and Hemoglobin values differed significantly (p < 0.01) due to age of kids at day 8 and 28 after deworming. The results indicate that Black Bengal goat can be considered as resilience to H. contortus. Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 55-64, 2019

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