Selenium pollution has been a topic of extensive research dating back further than the last decade and has attracted significant attention from several environmental and regulatory agencies in order to monitor and control its discharge from myriad industrial sources. The mining industry is a prime contributor of hazardous selenium release in the aquatic systems and is responsible for both acute and chronic impacts on living organisms. Herein we provide an overview of selenium contamination issues, with a specific focus on selenium release from mining industries, including a discussion of various technologies commonly employed to treat selenium-impacted waters from mining discharge. Different cases pertaining to selenium release from Alaskan mines (during years [2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014][2015] are also presented, along with measures taken to mitigate high concentration releases. For continued resource exploration and economic development activities, as well as environmental preservation, it is important to fundamentally understand such emerging and pressing issues as selenium contamination and investigate efficient technological approaches to counter these challenges.

Selenium (Se) contamination in natural waters impacted by anthropogenic activities is becoming a prevalent and widespread problem. Investigation of novel, low-cost, and sustainable food-waste-sourced adsorbents for Se removal has largely been unexplored. Here, we report on the Se(IV) biosorption from a liquid solution using three waste-derived/low-cost biosorbents, namely citrus peels (bare), Ca-alginate gel beads, and Ca-alginate-citrus peels composite beads (Ca-alginate@citrus). The entrapment of citrus peels by Ca-alginate not only provided a structural framework for the citrus peel particles but also preserved the high-efficiency Se(IV) removal property of the citrus peels. From the modeling results, it was established that Se(IV) biosorption followed the fixed-film diffusion model, along with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Investigation of pH impacts along with initial dosing of sorbent/sorbate demonstrated that all of the three biosorbents exhibited optimum biosorption of Se(IV) at pH 6−8, 50–75 mg·L –1 of Se(IV), and 1–5 mg·L –1 of biosorbent. Overall, the maximum Se(IV) biosorption capacities were measured to be 116.2, 72.1, and 111.9 mg·g –1 for citrus peels, Ca-alginate, and Ca-alginate@citrus, respectively, with citrus peels (bare and immobilized) showing among the highest reported values in the literature for Se(IV) adsorption. This work provides a platform for the future development of an efficient filtration system using Ca-alginate@citrus as an inexpensive, novel, and sustainable biosorbent to treat Se(IV) contaminated water.