The questions asked in the present experiments concern the generality of semantic and phonological priming effects: Do these effects arise automatically regardless of target task, or are these effects restricted to target tasks that specifically require the retrieval of the primed information? In Experiment 1,subjects produced faster color matching times on targets preceded by a masked rhyming prime than on targets preceded by an orthographic control or an unrelated prime. This result suggests that automatic priming effects on the basis of phonological similarity can be obtained even when the target task does not make use of phonological information. This claim was reinforced in Experiment 2 in which a rhyme priming effect and a semantic priming effect were found in a semantic categorization task. In Experiment 3, the target task was phonological (rhyme detection), and, again, both phonological and semantic priming effects were observed. Finally, in Experiments 4 and 5, in a replication and an extension of Experiment 1,phonological and semantic priming effects were found in a color matching task, a task involvingneither phonological nor semantic processing. These results are most straightforwardly interpreted by assuming that both semantic and phonological priming effects are, at least in part, due to automatic activation of memorial representations.

Summary: Emergence of sublexical unit during an abbreviation task. Are there one or more linguistic units which play a basic role in accessing the mental lexicon? To answer this question we have studied a common process: the abbreviation process, which is composed of two stages: 1) abbreviation production (time and space gains) and 2) reconstruction of the source word from the abbreviation. The existence of this second stage, which requires access to the mental lexicon, has led us to think that abbreviations might update the unit, or units, allowing lexical access. In the present experiment, subjects abbreviated frequent french substantives which were presented to them auditorily, either in isolation or in a phrasal context. It appears that, whatever the context, one abbreviation dominates all others. We have defined this abbreviation as: (n - x) + attack (n = number of syllables in the word; x = number of syllables removed, starting from the end of the word, x < n; attack = attack of the syllable which follows the one or more remaining syllables). Key words: lexical access, abbreviation, syllabic structure, BOSS, visually presented word recognition.

In the course of the last 20 years, gratitude has become a particularly active and fertile research field, notably in the USA and in the UK (e.g., Wood et al., 2010). Based on these studies, gratitude can now be considered a useful emotion in the promotion of mental health (for a review, see Jans-Beken et al., 2019). Interventions involving gratitude have demonstrably resulted in improvements in the areas of meaning of life and satisfaction with life (e.g.,

No abstract