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This work illustrates the application of novel simulation architecture with two case studies where the proposed architecture, the so-called 4-layer, allowed us to address the complexity of the analysed systems. The fundamental objective of this work is to show the structure of layers, how layers interact with one another and with the user, and what benefits this separation proposes. The first case study deals with moving car bodies from the paint plant to the assembly line through a sequencing system that involves distributed decision-making processes in an ASRS. The second case study focuses on analysing a layout of a section used to assemble the engine and transmission set, where the quality of the material flow is evaluated. The work highlights some of the advantages of modelling with 4-layer architecture, and explains the key processes that connect different elements.

This paper describes a case study in an automobile assembly plant about a facility layout problem (FLP), where several cells have to be located in an industrial plant of reduced dimensions. The main objective was to support the decision-making process for managers. These cells are in charge of sorting and sequencing parts and components in trolleys to be delivered to the final assembly line. Each cell has an inbound and outbound logistic associated, which generates hundreds of material handling equipment (MHE) movements along the facility that have to be managed. Due to that, it is necessary to consider for layout designing at the same time not only physical constrains but also, traffic and safety issues associated to MHE. To that aim a hybrid optimization and discrete event simulation (DES) model is proposed. This approach allows us to reduce complexity by splitting designing into two phases. The first one simplifies the complexity as a typical combinational optimization problem, and uses local search heuristics to find near optimal locations. Then, a DES software is used to dynamically evaluate 2 the layout alternatives and the whole logistics involved. This second phase provides a deep knowledge of the manufacturing system designed while considering not only quantitative, but also qualitative aspects related to traffic in-plant.

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This chapter is about a successful energy co-operative in Spain. With rising poverty and energy prices among the most expensive in Europe and, the cooperative not only provides a reliable source of clean energy to consumers, but also forms a central part of the community in which it is situated. The case study points to a need for private enterprises to collaborate with local authorities and social services to provide solutions to drastic situations of poverty that are still prevalent, particularly in areas of Southern and Eastern Europe. The Spanish energy cooperative demonstrates one way in which the social economy can help to shape the future of the welfare state in the absence of state funding and in the face of national policies that are not well aligned.