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Nail psoriasis and onychomycosis can often be hard to differentiate clinically and may coexist, complicating each other's course. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of onychomycosis among patients with nail psoriasis not being treated with immunosuppressive agents, which constitute an independent risk factor for fungal infections. A cross-sectional study was performed. All adult patients with nail psoriasis who were not receiving antifungal and/or immunosuppressive treatment were recruited at the 2nd University Dermatology Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki from 10/2016 till 02/2017. If onychomycosis was clinically suspected, nail samples were collected and direct microscopy with 15% KOH solution and culture were performed. Target-NAPSI and DLQI score were also calculated. Of the 23 patients recruited, 20 were men and 3 were women, with a mean age of 53.43 years (48.25, 58.62), a mean target-NAPSI score of 10.72 (9.62, 11.77) and a mean DLQI score of 10.17 (7.46, 12.89). A total of 34.78% of patients tested positive for onychomycosis. Yeast were isolated in 37.50% of cases, non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi in 37.50% and T. rubrum in 12.50%. The prevalence of onychomycosis among nail psoriasis patients is higher than that among the general population of Greece (15%-20%). Yeast and moulds predominate in infection cases of nail psoriasis patients.

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Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is currently the most frequent human papillomavirus (HPV)-related malignancy in high-income countries. Oral HPV16 infection is the cause of HPV-related OPC in more than 90% of cases and is primarily (90%) linked to oral sex. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at comparing the prevalence of oral vaccine-type HPV infection in individuals vaccinated with HPV vaccines and unvaccinated controls. Three databases (MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library), as well as other sources, were searched by 2 independent reviewers. Controlled studies testing the efficacy or effectiveness of licensed HPV vaccines were included. The primary end point was multiple oral HPV infections in one individual with low-risk and high-risk types. Secondary end point was the number of oral HPV16 infections. Six studies-2 randomized controlled trials and 4 cross-sectional studies-with a total of 15,240 participants were included in a meta-analysis, which showed that vaccinated individuals were 46% (risk ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.91) less likely to develop oral vaccine-type HPV infection (P = 0.02). A second meta-analysis of 4 studies (1 randomized controlled trial and 3 cross-sectional studies) and 13.285 participants showed 80% (risk ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.43) less likelihood of oral HPV16 infection (P < 0.0001). This study suggests that HPV vaccines can protect against oral vaccine-type HPV infection including high-risk HPV16 infection, thus reducing the incidence of HPV-related OPC. Vaccination against HPV, especially in males, who are predominantly affected by HPV-related OPC, could result in the prevention of this disease.

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