No abstract

Currently, limited evidence favors the use of corticosteroids, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil in ocular myasthenia gravis. There is a need for rigorous clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of these medical therapeutic options in improving ocular symptoms and decreasing the risk of developing generalized myasthenia gravis. Studies on emerging immunomodulators that dampen autoreactivity without affecting general immunity should be pursued.

Background-Stimulus deprivation amblyopia (SDA) develops due to an obstruction to the passage of light secondary to a condition such as cataract. The obstruction prevents formation of a clear image on the retina. SDA can be resistant to treatment, leading to poor visual prognosis. SDA probably constitutes less than 3% of all amblyopia cases, although precise estimates of prevalence are unknown. In developed countries, most patients present under the age of one year; in less developed parts of the world patients are likely to be older at the time of presentation. The mainstay of treatment is removal of the cataract and then occlusion of the better-seeing eye, but regimens vary, can be difficult to execute, and traditionally are believed to lead to disappointing results.Objectives-Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of occlusion therapy for SDA in an attempt to establish realistic treatment outcomes. Where data were available, we also planned to examine evidence of any dose response effect and to assess the effect of the duration, severity, and causative factor on the size and direction of the treatment effect.

Background Stimulus deprivation amblyopia (SDA) develops due to an obstruction to the passage of light, preventing clear formation of an image on the retina (e.g. cataract, ptosis). It is particularly severe and can be resistant to treatment, leading to poor visual prognosis. Precise estimates of SDA prevalence are difficult to come by but it probably constitutes less than 3% of all amblyopia cases. In developed countries, most patients present under the age of one; in less developed parts of the world, presentation is likely to be significantly later than this. The mainstay of treatment is occlusion of the better-seeing eye, but regimens vary, can be difficult to execute and are traditionally believed to lead to disappointing results. Objectives The objectives of this review were to evaluate the effectiveness of occlusion treatment for SDA, to establish the optimum treatment regimen, to determine the factors that may affect outcome, and to identify realistic treatment goals. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials-CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register

Anisocoria, or a difference in pupil size, is a common condition. Its aetiology ranges from benign to life-threatening conditions. The clinical evaluation of anisocoria is discussed, emphasising the pharmacological aids (e.g., cocaine 10% eye drops, hydroxyamphetamine eye drops, pilocarpine 0.1% eye drops, pilocarpine 1% eye drops, apraclonidine) used in differentiating the different causes of anisocoria (e.g., physiological anisocoria, Horner syndrome, Adie pupil, pharmacological anisocoria, third nerve palsy).