Perovskite is gaining popularity in solar cell technologies and optoelectronics that rely on lead-based material. Perovskite solar cell (PSC) technologies are viewed as promising forthcoming innovations for their proficiency and monetary of the thin film due to high demand in the technology market. Lead-free perovskite material has become a viable alternative to lead-based perovskite, which has dominated the solar cell market for many years, due to toxicity and stability difficulties that have plagued lead-based solar cells. The large-scale commercial manufacture of lead-free halide perovskites solar cells can be expanded and its benefits in the solar field could be enhanced. Compared with lead-based perovskite, the lead-free perovskite material could also achieve a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) indicating good solar cell performance. This review studied the perovskite materials, challenge of lead perovskite solar cell commercialization and summarizes recent research work regarding the perovskite solar cell. Moreover, this review forecast the future of perovskite solar cells in parallel with the Third Generation of Solar Cells.

Aluminum (Al) doped titanium dioxide thin film with different Al doping concentration (Al = 0 mol%, 1 mol%, 3 mol%, 5 mol% and 7 mol%) were deposited using solution spin coating technique and the effect of Al concentration on the structural, morphological and optical properties were examine. All samples were annealed at 450°C for 1 hour. XRD reveal that the films exhibits anatase crystal phase at (101) peak orientation. Based on the FESEM and AFM image it is found that, surface morphology of the film was significantly affected with different doping concentration. Al doped titanium dioxide with 3 mol% Al concentration shows the highest transmittance compared to others samples. Consequently, it is shown that different Al doping concentration plays vital roles in producing an optimum Al doped titanium dioxide thin films samples.