No abstract

In developed countries, the ideas of ecological agricultural production, continuous cycle, and waste-free production technologies have gained popularity. The effect from the production and consumption of ecological agricultural products is determined by the least harm to the environment, increasing the competitiveness of products, and receiving additional profit from increasing prices for higher quality products. The production of organically safe products is based on the principle of biologization, i.e., the widespread use of biological preparations, a high proportion of legumes (sources of nitrogen), and avoiding chemical plant protection products, transgenic plants, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This study aims to increase the productivity of safflower and improve the physicochemical and biological indicators of dark chestnut soils through the use of biologized technologies in the organic farming system. Standard methods for assessment and statistical analysis of physical and chemical parameters of soils were carried out in zone 1 of West Kazakhstan. This made it possible to identify the most optimal technology for the cultivation of safflower. The study results showed that under the influence of the phytomeliorative action of safflower in the 0–20 cm layer of dark chestnut soils, one could note an increase in the content of nitrate nitrogen by 5.95%, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus by 5.22%, and soil loosening by 0.010 g/cm3, with the structure of the soil being 64.43%. Strong biological activity of the soil was established by the crops of safflower. The highest yield of safflower oil about 0.23 t/ha with an oil content of 30.1% was obtained using the biologized technology option. The use of biological technology, along with biological yields, increases oil yield by 0.06 t/ha or 28.06%.

We carried out the research in 2020–2021 in Western Kazakhstan on medium-loamy dark chestnut soils. The purpose of the research is to identify changes in physico-chemical, biological parameters of soil cover, productivity, and quality of safflower (Carthamus tincforius L.) under the influence of different technologies of agrarian landscape shaping, for rational management of organic agrocenoses. The field experiments showed that in the conditions of Western Kazakhstan, the use of the biologized technology of organic farming increases the yield of safflower in comparison with the traditional technology by 26.66–35.38%, with a high oil content of 30.0–39.95%. The phytoameliorative role of safflower in improving agrophysical, agrochemical, and biological parameters of dark chestnut soils is proved.

Biologization of crop production, aimed at the predominant use of biological factors to increase the economic efficiency of agricultural production, is becoming the main direction of increasing soil fertility and obtaining high guaranteed yields of agricultural crops. Currently, the actual trend in the development of organic farming is the support and restoration of soil fertility, primarily through the use of green fertilizers. One of the new types of field crops used as a phytomeliorant is safflower. According to the morphological characteristics of the genetic horizons of the profile and the agrochemical parameters of the arable layer of the soil of the experimental plots, they are characteristic for dry steppe zone of Western Kazakhstan. In the experiment, safflower crops (Carthamus tincforius) were studied as a phytomeloriant. The area of the plots is 50 m2, the replication is threefold, the location of the plots is systematic. The seeding rate of safflower seeds is recommended for the dry steppe zone of the West Kazakhstan region. The green mass of safflower as a green fertilizer was plowed into the soil during the periods of it's flowering with disc harrows. As a result of the study, an assessment was made of field crops of yellow mustard and safflower cultivated in the organic farming system for phytomeloration of dark chestnut soils. Studies have shown that in the 0–2 cm layer of dark chestnut soils under the influence of the phytomeliorative action of safflower, an increase in the content of nitrate nitrogen from 5.08 to 5.35 mg/100 g of soil, or by 5.31%, was noted by autumn. During the spring — autumn period, in the 0–20 cm layer of dark chestnut soils, the content of mobile phosphorus increased from 1.17 to 1.22 mg/100 g of soil, or by 4.27%. Sowings of safflower had a positive effect on the agrophysical indicators of dark chestnut soils. In studies, soil loosening by 0.020 g/cm3 and an increase in structure up to 64.47% were established.