The study of the diet of tadpoles can provide important information about the maintenance and dynamics of populations and communities of tropical amphibians. Tadpoles are in general herbivores and consume mostly algae. Despite this, little is known about how specific guilds use resources that are available in the same space and at the same time. It is thought that species of tadpoles segregate based on food use, especially in lotic environments where food resources may be a limiting factor. Conversely, it is believed that the use of food resources is similar among tadpoles with the same ecomorphotype. This study examined the diet of Aplastodiscus cavicola, Aplastodiscus sibilatus and Bokermannohyla capra syntopic tadpoles, as similarities may exist between these benthic species, all of which are adapted to the flow of water. This study was undertaken in the Michelin Ecological Reserve, municipality of Igrapi una, state of Bahia, Brazil. To analyze the diet of the tadpoles, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was performed to evaluate the similarity between the diets of the species. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was carried out to detect whether diet differed among tadpole species. The diet of these tadpoles consists mainly of algae, especially diatoms, plants, protozoa, fungi and microscopic animals. The NMDS identified three clusters representing the three species studied. ANOSIM detected significant differences among the diets of the species, which indicates partition of food resources.

AimAs anuran reproduction is generally linked to the availability of water, frogs and toads are particularly sensitive to climate. We tested the effect of climate on anuran reproductive phenology and daily activity by analysing temporal patterns of reproductive behaviour based on citizen‐collected observations.LocationBrazil.MethodsWe obtained vocalizations and photographs of frogs with inflated air sacs, as well as images of amplectant couples, nests, eggs or tadpoles in initial stages of development from iNaturalist. We analysed hourly patterns, seasonality and duration of the reproductive period using circular statistics in different climate types and tested phylogenetic signals. We analysed data for Bufonidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae and Phyllomedusidae in detail. We also reviewed relevant literature.ResultsAmong the 8478 (acoustic and photographic) records, 738 (8.7%) had evidence of reproduction with 284 acoustic records and 454 photographs, representing 184 taxa identified at the species level belonging to 16 families. Climate affected the period and duration of the reproductive season, as well as daily patterns of vocalization. These results were considered phylogenetically independent, as the reconstructions of ancestral character states did not suggest strong phylogenetic signals for temporal patterns of vocalization or reproduction. In Brazil, most frogs reproduce between October and January. Patterns were similar to the results of the literature review, however in the literature data, Bufonidae start reproduction 2 months earlier, and many Hylidae species reproduce until February. In general, frogs from warmer and drier climate regions had shorter and aggregated reproductive seasons, while in tropical monsoon climate they had a uniform temporal pattern.Main conclusionsAt the continental scale, reproductive phenology of anurans and their daily activity is affected by climatic conditions regardless of phylogeny. We found that community science can provide valuable information in Brazil that can be harnessed to monitor effects of climate change on amphibian reproduction.

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A list of amphibian and reptile species that occur in open and forested areas of the Atlantic Forest in the municipality of Cruz das Almas, in the Recôncavo Baiano, eastern Brazil is presented. Field sampling occurred between January 2015 to March 2019, totalling 117 samples distributed in three areas: Parque Florestal Mata de Cazuzinha, Mata da Cascalheira, and Riacho do Machado. A total of 1,848 individuals of 69 species (31 anurans, 14 lizards, 19 snakes, two amphisbaenians, and three testudines) was recorded. Additionally, one individual of Ophiodes striatus was found in Mata da Cascalheira after the end of sampling, totalling 15 lizard species and 70 herpetofaunal species. The prevalence of open-area species and the presence of Phyllopezus lutzae, Diploglossus lessonae, and Dryadosaura nordestina in interior forest patches are discussed. Additionally, a new record of the invasive terrapin Trachemys dorbigni in the State of Bahia is reported.