This article gives a brief over view of the Dynamic-Maturational Model of attachment and adaptation (DMM; Crittenden, 2008) together with the various DMM assessments of attachment that have been developed for specific stages of development. Each assessment is discussed in terms of procedure, outcomes, validity, advantages and limitations, comparable procedures and areas for further research and validation. The aims are twofold: to provide an introduction to DMM theory and its application that underlie the articles in this issue of CCPP; and to provide researchers and clinicians with a guide to DMM assessments.

Theory and empirical findings suggest that sociohistorical changes have made identity formation a precarious developmental process in contemporary Western societies. Firm commitments may be delayed until the late twenties or discarded altogether. We tested the reliability and factorial validity of a recently developed five-dimensional process model of identity development-Dimensions of Identity Development Scalein order to evaluate identity formation among Finnish young adults (N = 751, Mage = 24.6, 60.3% women) in a cross-cultural perspective. Results showed that the hypothesized five-factor model could not be confirmed as such. Instead a six-factor model, encountered only recently in two other studies, suited the sample data better. All six identity dimensions were internally and externally correlated as hypothesized and the identity status cluster solution that emerged matched previous results with one exception. Further, the surprisingly high prevalence of diffused and uncertain individuals in our sample may indicate effects of sociohistorical factors specific to a Finnish cultural context.

A relatively low rate of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (<10%), has been reported among Finnish veterans of World War II. Possible explanations for this are explored by means of depth interviews with 30 veterans (mean age of 77 years), staying at a Disabled Veterans Hospital and at a Rehabilitation Centre, drawing on an Attachment Theory perspective. The Impact of Event Scale, the General Health Questionnaire, as well as health survey, medical problems, and war experience questions, were administered as part of the interview. A low rate of PTSD symptomatology was also reported in this sample alongside a relatively high level of subjective well-being. Without exception, they spoke freely about the war, often with emotion. Themes that received emphasis in their accounts included the Finnish fighting spirit and the strong reciprocal bonds of loyalty that were felt during the war. The war now featured prominently as part of their integrity as old men, representing a honourable task that they had been called on to fulfil. The significance they attributed to the war had not waned with time. Although this study of older war veterans, in common with other such studies, does not consider the less resilient who have not survived to old age, it does suggest that the strong community spirit built up in the war and continued in Finnish veterans' association after the war together with the continuing esteem of Finnish society, has contributed to the high levels of well-being expressed by the survivors.