No studies have investigated the influence of ethnicity in a multi-ethnic middle-income country with a long-standing history of co-habitation. Stool samples from 214 Malaysian community members (46 Malay, 65 Chinese, 49 Indian, and 54 Jakun) were collected. The gut microbiota of the participants was investigated using 16S amplicon sequencing. Ethnicity exhibited the largest effect size across participants (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 4.24, R2 = 0.06, p = 0.001). Notably, the influence of ethnicity on the gut microbiota was retained even after controlling for all demographic, dietary factors and other covariates which were significantly associated with the gut microbiome (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 1.67, R2 = 0.02, p = 0.002). Our result suggested that lifestyle, dietary, and uncharacterized differences collectively drive the gut microbiota variation across ethnicity, making ethnicity a reliable proxy for both identified and unidentified lifestyle and dietary variation across ethnic groups from the same community.

The aims of the present study were to determine if primary teeth eruption and the presence of enamel defect are affected by low birth weight and prematurely of birth. Materials and Methods: The total subjects of (420) child aged 4 -24 months were included in this study, consisted of (210) prematurely born (<37 gestational weeks and birth weight < 2.500 Kg) children and 210 control children (≥40 gestational weeks and birth weight ≥ 2.500 Kg). Those children selected randomly the children who came to the primary health care centers with their mother for vaccination and the mothers asked to participate in this study. For each child, clinical exanimation was performed in dental chair. The criterion used for enamel defect to include various enamel hypoplasias, deficiency of enamel in the form of pits, grooves or other quantitative surface loss and enamel hypocalcifications and opacities. Data were analyzed using numbers, percentages, means and standard deviations. T -test, Z -test Chi -square (X 2 ) test were used for determining the differences concerning different variables. The differences were considered significant at p≤ 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between different genders numbers among in each age group for the preterm and control children. The results showed significantly (p<0.05) delayed eruption of the primary teeth in the prematurely born children as compared with the control children in all age groups except in 4 -6 months age group, also there was significantly higher percentages of enamel defect present in preterm children, than in control children in all age groups except in 4 -6 months age group. Conclusions: The findings indicated that the eruption of deciduous teeth was delayed and the percentage of enamel defect was significantly increased in prematurely born children.

To increase the understanding of oral health factors associated with menopause women, this research sought to examine the oral hygiene including clinical parameters (DMFT, gingival, calculus, plaque and pocket depth indices) and physical parameters (flow rate and pH) to show changes in postmenopausal women in Mosul City center in relation to premenopausal women.The sample chosen included 123 women 47 premenopausal and 76 postmenopausal women in age range from 30 -61 years old. Clinical examination was carried out to detected DMFT, gingival, calculus, plaque and pocket depth indices, also measures physical parameters about flow rate and pH of saliva for each women.There was significant changes in the clinical and physical parameters when compared with age 46 -61 years old, at p< 0.05 and highly significant at p< 0.001.Oral health in pre and post menopausal women should be considered as a separate problem from oral diseases. The clinical picture may vary from a localized to generalized inflammation would be of interest to physiologists and endocrinologists and might also prove to be value to the practicing dentists.

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