The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of dental surgeons in the city of Karachi providing treatment to pediatric patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of dental surgeons in the city of Karachi providing treatment to pediatric patients. A cluster-sampling technique was used and 200 dental surgeons from six different dental institutions were selected. A self-constructed questionnaire was distributed to the dental surgeons that comprised 20 closed-ended questions. The data was entered and analyzed for frequency and percentages by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. The results showed that 76 (38%) dental surgeons took the responsibility of managing pediatric patient when given; 68 (34%) dental surgeons allowed the parents in the clinic; 111 (55.5%) dental surgeons are of the view that colorful and fun environment in dental clinic make the child at ease; 59 (29.5%) always demonstrate the dental procedure to the child to eradicate imaginary fears; 94 (47.0%) dental surgeons preferred the child to be treated in general anesthesia (GA) to avoid difficult behavior of the child; 135 (67.5%) dental surgeons did not show syringe needle or any instrument to the child. All the members of dental profession must be aware of patient perceptions, preferences, and fear to meet patient’s needs. Dental studies should include guidelines and techniques to train the upcoming dentists for excellent practice in pediatric dentistry.How to cite this articleWali A, Siddiqui TM, Khan R, Batool K. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Dental Surgeons in managing Child Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(4):372-378.

Pain is considered to be the major cause for seeking emergency endodontic treatment. Pain management is of vital importance in endodontics with no exception. Local anesthesia is considered to be the primary method to control pain. An effective local anesthesia cannot be obtained if pulp is inflamed. Clinician prescribes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as premedication on a routine basis for mild to moderate pain to reduce pulpal inflammation before injecting anesthesia. These drugs are beneficial in providing relief from pain and inflammation in irreversible pulpitis and helps in providing effectiveness of inferior alveolar nerve block. Moreover, they have a short half life, which would make them ideal for a single dosage prior to the management of severe pain. Aim To conduct a randomized-placebo controlled clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of premedication with analgesics vs placebo for success of inferior alveolar nerve block in irreversible pulpitis. Materials and methods The study consisted of 80 adult patients attending operative Outpatient Department in Baqai Dental College. Informed Consent was obtained from each participant. Subjects were randomly divided in four groups comprising of 20 subjects in each group. Group A received piroxicam (Feldene 20 mg, Pfizer), group B received diclofenac potassium (Fastaid Plus, 50 mg platinum pharmaceutic), group C received naproxen sodium (Synflex 550 mg, ICI), and group D received a placebo drug becefol (Abbott). Medication was given 1 hour before initiating endodontic treatment. After 1 hour of oral administration of tablets, inferior alveolar nerve block using 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine containing 1: 200,000 epinephrine was given. After 15 minutes, access cavity preparation was initiated and patients were asked to inform if they experienced pain. Patients were excluded from the study if they experienced pain but if the patient did not feel pain endodontic treatment was continued. p-value was set at 0.05. Data was analyzed by using Chi-square test (SPSS 19). Results The result showed that out of 80 patients who participated in the study, success rate for piroxicam came out to 90% (10 male and 8 female patients), followed by diclofenac potassium with 75% success rate (9 male and 6 female patients), naproxen sodium with 35% success rate (3 male and 4 female patients) and placebo with 10% success (1 male and 1 female patient). Conclusion The current study concludes that premedication given 1 hour before injecting anesthesia is helpful in reducing pain intensity and thus causing inferior alveolar nerve block to be effective. How to cite this article Wali A, Siddiqui TM, Qamar N, Khan R, Jawaid N. Effectiveness of Premedication with Analgesics vs Placebo for Success of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Irreversible Pulpitis. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(1):5-9.

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Background: Pain is defi ned as an obnoxious subjective and multifaceted phenomenon associated with signifi cant discomfort with potential tissue damage and is one of the most common symptoms of orodental diseases. Orofacial pain is a term that consists of diff erent manifestations of pain in the facial region and oral cavity. Facial pain includes the type of pain whose origin is below the orbitomeatal line, above the neck and infront of the ears, while the oral pain arises from the structures within the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: The study was approved by the Ethical Committee, Baqai Medical University. A simple random sampling technique was employed and a total of 700 patients were seen at the Outpatient Department of Operative Dentistry, Baqai Dental College. Of them, 300 patients complained of orofacial pain. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages) were obtained. Association between pain perception with diff erent age groups were obtained by using Chi-square test (P = 0.05). Results: Regarding site of pain the commonest site was found to be the lower jaw. 55 (58.5%) of the patients in the age group of 15-25 years complaint of pain in lower jaw. 33 (35.1%) of the patients presented with orofacial pain presentation on the same day. 38 (40.4%) of the patients of 15-25 years old complained of dull pain. Regarding selfmedication taken because of pain 20 (23.3%) of the patients in the age group of 26-35 years of age were on ansaid followed by 16 (17%) of the patients in 15-25 years age group taking paracetamol, Synfl ex by 3 (3.2%)of the patients in the age group of 15-25 years old. Conclusion: The present study concluded that orofacial pain was common in the study population of age group of 15-25 years old. Therefore, there is a urgent need to educate patients providing them better health care facilities.

Introduction: In this modern era there is an increased awareness of the oral health amongst pregnant women and knowledge of dental surgeons of taking radiographs during pregnancy is also an utmost important factor The key principles and safety of taking radiographs of the pregnant women should be known along with the most appropriate radiographic technique. Material and Method: A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge,attitude and practices of dental surgeons regarding radiographs in pregnant women. A cluster sampling technique was used and 264 dental surgeons from7 different dental institutions were selected. A self questionnaire was distributed to the dental surgeons that comprised of 23 closed-ended questions. The data was entered and analyzed for frequency and percentages by using SPSS version 23. Results: The results showed that 47.68% knows that we can take radiograph during pregnancy. While 83.33% shows their attitude that they allow to take radiograph. 37.68% dentists have performed radiographs in their daily practice, in which 52.7% give the opinion that 2 nd trimester is the safest period. Conclusion: All the members of the dental professionals must be aware of patient perceptions, preferences and patients needs. Dental studies should include guidelines and techniques to train the upcoming dentists for excellence practice in radiography of pregnant women so that upcoming mishaps can be avoided.