Urinary schistosomiasis, a water-based disease, is endemic to Nigeria. The infection is transmitted by trematodes known as Schistosoma haematobium. The goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in the Zaki Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 300 school pupils from three primary schools in Zaki was conducted between June and November of 2021. The urine samples were examined with the sedimentation technique to detect S. haematobium eggs. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were obtained through a well-structured questionnaire. In SPSS version 24, the associations between the dependent and independent variables were evaluated with Chi-square, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses. The strength of associations was determined with the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval. Urinary schistosomiasis was found in 29.7% of school-aged children in the three primary schools. Significantly higher prevalence was observed in the Almajiri (informal) school (59.6%) and one public primary school (31.5%), P = 0.001. Boys were four times more likely than girls to have schistosomiasis [AOR (95% CI): 4.38 (2.23–8.60)]. Children who played in shallow water had a higher risk of contracting schistosomiasis infection and were five times more likely to be infected [AOR (95% CI): 5.14 (1.97–13.37)]. Children who had blood in their urine (hematuria) were nearly nine times more likely to be infected [AOR (95% CI): 9.64 (4.79–20.66)]. The present study indicated that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic to the study area in the Zaki Local Government Area, with a moderate infection rate.

Eating food that is contaminated by bacteria is one of the main reasons for food poisoning. Food poisoning can be caused by several bacterial species that are present on the raw vegetables and fruits and also in the dairy products that are used in the salad dressings and toppings. This study was carried out to isolate and identify pathogenic micro-organisms associated with ready-to-eat salads obtained from selected fast food centers in Azare town of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Samples of salads were collected from randomly selected locations within the town and subjected to microbial culture in Nutrient and MacConkey agar media for isolation of bacteria. Three bacterial species were isolated, namely; Salmonella Spp, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The total colony count ranged from 3.01x101 cfu/g to1.5x 103 cfu/g respectively. The order of increasing colony count of bacteria isolated was Salmonella Spp, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results from the studies showed that ready-to-eat salads samples obtained from the fast food centers have high microbial load and as such do not meet bacteriological standards. Therefore, consumption of such products may pose public health problem. It is therefore recommended that the total hygiene and sanitary conditions under which those fast foods centers operates should be monitored by the relevant Government agencies and stringent supervision of processing methods are applied.