Background: Protein tyrosine phosphatases are enzymes which help in the signal transduction in diabetes, obesity, cancer, liver diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. PTP1B is the main member of this enzyme from the protein extract of human placenta. In phosphate inhibitors development, significant progress has been made over the last 10 years. In early-stage clinical trials, few compounds have reached whereas in the later stage trials or registration, yet none have progressed. Many researchers investigate different ways to improve the pharmacological properties of PTP1B inhibitors. Objective: In the present review, authors have summarized various aspects related to the involvement of PTP1B in various types of signal transduction mechanisms and its prominent role in various diseases like cancer, liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: There are still certain challenges for the selection of PTP1B as a drug target. Therefore, continuous future efforts are required to explore this target for the development of PTP inhibitors to treat the prevailing diseases associated with it.

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Aim:The study aimed to investigate the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk due to its public health significance.Materials and Methods:A total of 400 milk samples of bovines taken from different dairy farms and outlets of Jabalpur were screened for the S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The strains were tested for the PVL gene and antimicrobial sensitivity toward 10 different classes of antimicrobial agents. The PVL-positive S. aureus strains were further characterized by staphylococcal protein A or spa typing.Result:The prevalence of PVL-positive S. aureus was 10.53%. All the isolates positive for the PVL were resistant to methicillin, while the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates were negative for the PVL. Five different spa types were found.Conclusion:The presence of PVL-positive MRSA in bovine milk close to consumer poses a potential public health risk to the community.

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The genus Michelia, belonging to family Magnoliaceae, consists of about 80 plant species mainly distributed in South Asian countries. The plants of this genus have been traditionally used in curing various diseases like fever, colic, leprosy, eye disorders, inflammation, antidote for scorpion, etc. Ninety-four compounds isolated from nine species of the genus Michelia like sesquiterpenes, steroids, flavonoids, aporphines, phenols, esters, benzenoid and alkaloids have antibacterial, anticancer and antiplasmodial activities. This review presents first time detailed information on chemical and biological properties of constituents isolated from the genus Michelia.