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Using the shared decision-making process as a cornerstone for care, all patients should be informed of all treatment modalities that are not contraindicated, regardless of invasiveness or irreversibility, as potential first-line treatments. For each treatment, the clinician should ensure that the man and his partner have a full understanding of the benefits and risk/burdens associated with that choice.

Introduction Priapism describes a persistent erection arising from dysfunction of mechanisms regulating penile tumescence, rigidity, and flaccidity. A correct diagnosis of priapism is a matter of urgency requiring identification of underlying hemodynamics. Aims To define the types of priapism, address its pathogenesis and epidemiology, and develop an evidence-based guideline for effective management. Methods Six experts from four countries developed a consensus document on priapism; this document was presented for peer review and debate in a public forum and revisions were made based on recommendations of chairpersons to the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine. This report focuses on guidelines written over the past decade and reviews the priapism literature from 2003 to 2009. Although the literature is predominantly case series, recent reports have more detailed methodology including duration of priapism, etiology of priapism, and erectile function outcomes. Main Outcome Measures Consensus recommendations were based on evidence-based literature, best medical practices, and bench research. Results Basic science supporting current concepts in the pathophysiology of priapism, and clinical research supporting the most effective treatment strategies are summarized in this review. Conclusions Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of priapism are necessary to spare patients ineffective interventions and maximize erectile function outcomes. Future research is needed to understand corporal smooth muscle pathology associated with genetic and acquired conditions resulting in ischemic priapism. Better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of stuttering ischemic priapism will offer new avenues for medical intervention. Documenting erectile function outcomes based on duration of ischemic priapism, time to interventions, and types of interventions is needed to establish evidence-based guidance. In contrast, pathogenesis of nonischemic priapism is understood, and largely attributable to trauma. Better documentation of onset of high-flow priapism in relation to time of injury, and response to conservative management vs. angiogroaphic or surgical interventions is needed to establish evidence-based guidance.

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The Princeton Consensus (Expert Panel) Conference is a multispecialty collaborative tradition dedicated to optimizing sexual function and preserving cardiovascular health. The third Princeton Consensus met November 8 to 10, 2010, and had 2 primary objectives. The first objective focused on the evaluation and management of cardiovascular risk in men with erectile dysfunction (ED) and no known cardiovascular disease (CVD), with particular emphasis on identification of men with ED who may require additional cardiologic work-up. The second objective focused on reevaluation and modification of previous recommendations for evaluation of cardiac risk associated with sexual activity in men with known CVD. The Panel's recommendations build on those developed during the first and second Princeton Consensus Conferences, first emphasizing the use of exercise ability and stress testing to ensure that each man's cardiovascular health is consistent with the physical demands of sexual activity before prescribing treatment for ED, and second highlighting the link between ED and CVD, which may be asymptomatic and may benefit from cardiovascular risk reduction. T he Princeton Consensus Conference is a multispecialty collaborative tradition dedicated to optimizing sexual function and preserving cardiovascular health. The first conference convened in June 1999 to develop recommendations for clinical management of sexual dysfunction in men and women with known cardiovascular disease (CVD). This conference also provided a multidisciplinary forum for evaluation of the potential cardiovascular risk posed by sexual activity in atrisk patients. The first Princeton Consensus Conference recommendations 1 included stratification of patients by level of cardiac risk associated with sexual activity based on existing CVD. Those at low risk could initiate or resume sexual activity and be treated for sexual dysfunction. For those at high risk, sexual activity was deferred until the cardiac condition was stabilized. The second Princeton Consensus Conference convened in June 2004 and expanded the recommendations of the first conference to emphasize risk factor evaluation and lifestyle management for all men with erectile dysfunction (ED). 2 The second conference recommendations also incorporated new information on the appropriate use of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in men with ED and concomitant CVD.The third Princeton Consensus Conference took place November 8 to 10, 2010, in Miami Beach, Florida. The group revisited and updated their 2005 recommendations regarding the cardiovascular risk associated with sexual activity in men with known CVD. 2 In addition, the third conference focused on the predictive value of vasculogenic ED in assigning cardiovascular risk in men of all ages, with the primary objective being development of an approach to cardiovascular risk assessment in younger men with ED and no known CVD. The role of testosterone in erectile function and cardiovascular health and the utility of testosterone replacement...