Open tibia fractures are the most common type of all open injuries and are more prone to infection than other long bones. To control infection various surgical techniques and antibiotic therapy are used. Local delivery of antibiotics at the tissue-implant interface using Gentamicin-coated implants is one of the methods which provide mechanical stability, effectively prevent infection and promote bony union by simple one stage procedure. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients were selected with open fracture of shaft tibia, treated operatively with antibiotic coated intramedullary interlocking nail and were followed up for a minimum of six months duration. Radiological Union was assessed using RUST Score and clinical assessment results were graded as excellent, good, fair and poor. Result: In this study of 30 patients, time taken in wound healing in 15 patients is ≤5 weeks. RUST score at 6 months in 16 patients is 8. Infection found in 2 patients and 1 patient undergone non-union. 29 patients can bear weight without pain after 6 months of surgery. 16 patients have fair outcome. Conclusion:The use of the antibiotic coated nail has good clinical and radiological outcome at six months and preliminary results support the use of antibiotic coated implants as a new potential treatment option for prevention of infection in open tibia fractures.

<p>In this paper we examine the information spillover and volatility spill-over relationship for Indian stock market. We cover data during 1992-2011. We examine if there has been an increase in volatility persistence in the Indian stock market on after the process of financial liberalization initiated in India. Further, we examine the shifts in stock price volatility and the nature of events that apparently cause the shifts in volatility. We examine if there has been an increase in volatility persistence in the Indian stock market on after the process of financial liberalization initiated in India. This paper explores to develop alternative models from cointegration, VECM, Variance De-composition Analysis, Granger causality, Block Exogeneity wald test, Impulse Response Analysis and alternative forms of the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) or its generalisation, the Generalised ARCH (GARCH) family, to estimate volatility in the Indian equity market return.  Bidirectional informational spillover is confirmed. The bidirectional volatility spill-over, persistence and clustering is also confirmed in the sample series. Our findings have implications for policy makers, hedgers and investors. The research contributes to present investment literature for emerging markets such as India.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the theoretical advantages of the proximal femoral nail antirotation in cases of intertrochanteric fractures and also whether it actually alters the eventual functional outcome of the patient.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study includes a total 30 patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures managed with proximal femoral nail antirotation between December 2014 to November 2016. In all patients similar standard physical rehabilitation therapy were followed. All complications including intra and postoperative were assessed and recorded. The patients were followed up for over 24 months. Functional outcome was assessed using the Harris hip score.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> All of 30 cases of intertrochanteric fracture got united with good anatomical position and average time of fracture union was 14 weeks. Postoperative complications included 2 degree varus deformity (n=1, 3%), calcification at tip of greater trochanter (n=4, 13%), sensitivity over TFL (n=2, 7%), medial thigh pain (n=3, 10%). 10 patients developed femoral shortness (mean=0.22 cm, range from 0-1 cm). Average harris hip score at the end of study showed mean value of 87, ranged from 65 to 94 with almost 22 (73%) patients showing excellent or good outcome.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) represents a significant treatment option in management of intertrochanteric fractures with low complication rate.</p>

It is frequently challenging to treat an unstable intertrochanteric fracture in elderly people by internal fixation because of difficult anatomical reduction, poor bone quality, the need for prolonged bed rest and restricted ambulation. As an alternative to internal fixation, cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty has been used as a treatment for unstable intertrochanteric fractures to avoid the postoperative immobilizationrelated complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and clinical outcomes of primary cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty for elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures. MethodologyA prospective study was conducted that included 30 patients who were admitted to the apex trauma center at a tertiary care center from January 2019 to August 2020 with unstable intertrochanteric fractures (Association for Osteosynthesis/Orthopaedic Trauma Association, or AO/OTA, types 31-A2.2 and 31-A2.3); patients treated with cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty, with at least one year of follow-up were included in the study. Basic descriptive statistics were used and the results were presented in frequencies, percentages for categorical variables and means and standard deviations for continuous variables. ResultsAccording to the Harris Hip Score, at the end of 12 months, 9 patients (30%) had excellent results, 14 patients (46.67%) had good results, 5 patients (16.67) had fair results, and 2 cases (6.67) had poor results. With cemented hemiarthroplasty, 87.7% of older patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures were able to walk sooner, and the results were good. ConclusionHemiarthroplasty of the hip with a cemented bipolar prosthesis appears to be a reliable treatment method for the management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients with osteoporosis; it allows for early ambulation and leads to a favorable functional outcome in most patients following surgery.

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