Background:Spermatogenesis is a highly conserved and regulated process and it is sensitive to fluctuations in the physical and chemical environment. Gemcitabine is a novel antimetabolic anticancer drug used frequently in the treatment of many cancers. This study aimed to investigate the histomorphometric effects of gemcitabine on spermatogenesis in Swiss albino mice.Materials and Methods:Gemcitabine in high and low doses (80 and 40 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally to inbred Swiss albino mice. Gross testicular features and seminiferous tubular histomorphometry was studies at the end of 7th, 14th day and at 2 months sperm shape abnormalities were studied.Results:Seminiferous tubular morphology was altered significantly, showing a reduction in height, perimeter and area in a dose dependent manner. Sertoli cell number decreased. Basement membrane thickness was reduced and it appeared to be permanent, with statistically insignificant changes even after 2 months. There was a reduction of intertubular spaces. Sperms have shown banana heading, decapitation and loss of normal hook of head. The effects were partially reversible at the end of 2 months.Conclusion:It was concluded that gemcitabine affects the process of spermatogenesis adversely in a dose and time dependent manner and the effects are partially reversible.

Bone heals by bone. Fractured bone can be replaced to its original form without formation of scar. The process of fracture healing can occur in two ways. Primary bone healing occurs without callus formation and the secondary bone healing occurs with a callus precursor stage 1,2 . The major diaphyseal fracture models are from animals like mouse, rat, rabbit 3,4 . Although the bones of some animals (e.g. rat and sheep) differ physiologically from human bone (i.e. they do not undergo normal haversian remodellation), they have been widely used in orthopaedic research 4,5,6 . Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the second generation fluoroquinolone. The fluoroquinolones interfere with DNA replication by inhibiting an enzyme complex called DNA gyrase. Recent studies have demonstrated a correlation between mammalian cell cytotoxicity of the quinolones and the induction of micronuclei 7 . As such some fluoroquinolones may cause injury to the chromosome of eukaryotic cells. It is not recommended for usage in children because of serious reversible and irreversible musculoskeletal adverse effects.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESKnowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of coronary circulation is a vital component in the management of coronary artery diseases. The study was undertaken to know the dominance, branching pattern and luminal diameter of the coronary arteries. METHODSNinety normal coronary angiograms of patients referred to A J Hospital & Research Centre, Mangalore for diagnostic coronary angiography were included. They were recorded on CDs and studied with cardiac view software. RESULTSBoth male and females showed a higher prevalence of right coronary dominance. The right dominance was present in 78.9% and left dominance in 21.1%. Bifurcation of left coronary artery was more common than trifurcation. The present study showed that 8.89% of cases had ramus intermedius branch. The left anterior descending artery terminated at the apex in 20% of cases and beyond the apex in 80% of cases. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONRight coronary dominance was more common than left dominance. Bifurcation was the most common branching pattern of left coronary artery. The left anterior descending artery terminated beyond the apex in majority of cases. KEYWORDSCoronary artery; Branching pattern; Coronary angiogram. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Revankar SK, Rao CR, Udyavar A, et al. A study of branching pattern and dominance of coronary arteries using coronary angiogram.

Pre-eclampsia is one of the major obstetric problem affects 5-8% of all pregnancies leading to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Fetal outcome is badly affected by pathological changes developing in placenta. Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the department of Anatomy with Pathology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka. A total of 32 freshly delivered placentae (24 from pre-eclamptic pregnancy and 8 from normal pregnancy) were collected from the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of Yenepoya Medical College Hospital, Mangalore. Morphologic and morphometric parameters of placentae were noted and their means were calculated.Results: The morphologic parameters of the placenta were showed significant difference in two groups (p=0.018). Fetal birth weight was lower in pre-eclamptic group and 33% of babies of pre-eclamptic mothers developed IUGR. The incidence of pre-eclamptic patients underwent caesarean section was 71% and 16% of pre-eclamptic mothers developed eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.Discussion: Pre-eclampsia is associated with significant changes in placental morphology due to decreased uteroplacental blood flow. Prematurity, growth restriction and low birth weight are fetal complications expected to be linked with pre-eclampsia. Placental weight had relevant connection with the fetal birth weight. Hence, the knowledge of this will be extremely useful in the early diagnosis of placental insufficiency and to plan a safe pregnancy with healthy fetal outcome.