No abstract

Introduction: Febrile seizures are common in pediatric age group. These seizures are benign and self limiting and usually do not recur after 5 years of age. In pediatric patients viral illnesses are commonly associated with incidence of febrile seizures. Family history of febrile seizures may be present in many cases. Many studies have concluded that febrile seizures are more common in children having iron deficiency some other studies have even reported that iron deficiency is less frequent in children with febrile seizures. We conducted this study of iron deficiency anemia in children presenting with febrile seizures. Materials and Methods: 50 pediatric patients presenting with febrile seizures were included in this study on the basis of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic details such as age and gender was noted. Previous history of febrile seizure was asked for and noted. Family and past history was noted. Serum Ferritin levels were determined in all the cases. Hemoglobin levels less than 11 gm/dl was taken as cutoff for the diagnosis of anemia. For statistical analysis SSPS 21.0 software was used and p value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Out of 50 studied cases 36 (72.00%) were males and 14 (28.00%) were females with a M: F ratio of 1:0.38. The mean age of patients was found to be 18.18 +/- 11.32 months. Majority of the cases (74%) were having first onset of febrile seizures. Second and third episode of febrile seizures was seen in 8 (16%) and 5 (10%) cases respectively. 42 (84%) patients were found to have simple febrile seizures whereas remaining 8 (16%) patients had complex febrile seizures. criteria 36 (72%) patients were found to have iron deficiency anemia defined as serum Ferritin level below 12 microgram/lit. Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia is associated with an increased risk of febrile seizures in pediatric age group. Keywords: Febrile Seizures, Iron deficiency anemia, Serum Ferritin, Hemoglobin.

Introduction: Acute diarrhea is one of the common causes of hospital admissions in pediatric age group. In developing world diarrheal diseases are cause of a considerable morbidity as well as mortality. Incidence of diarrhea worldwide has remained unchanged and diarrhea related illness and its complications results in millions of visits to pediatricians the mortality has been reduced to considerable levels. One of the common causes of complications in children with diarrhea is electrolyte imbalance which needs to be identified and treated. Hyponatremia and hypokalemia are the common electrolyte imbalances seen in children presenting with acute diarrhea. Though uncommon hypernatremia as well as hyperkalemia can also be seen in these children and needs to be treated so as to prevent complications. This study was undertaken to know the incidence of electrolyte abnormalities in children under the age of 5 years who were admitted with acute diarrhea. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study in which 120 children below the age of 5 years and with acute diarrhea were included based on a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed history was taken and clinical examination was done. Stool examination and serum electrolytes were also done in all the cases. Presenting signs and symptoms were analysed. Patients were treated according to institutional protocol. Presence of electrolyte abnormalities were recorded. SSPS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 120 children up to the age of 5 years there were 78 boys (65%) and 42 girls (35%) with a M:F ratio of 1:0.53. The mean age of the affected cases was found to be 2.24 +/-1.78 years. After loose motion the most common complaint was found to be Abdominal pain which was present in 78 (65%) cases. 78 (65%) children had serum sodium level less than s/o hyponatremia whereas in 41 patients (34.16%) serum sodium was found to be within normal range (135-145 meq/lit). Only 1 patient (0.83%) was found to be having hypernatremia. 21 (17.5%) children had serum potassium level less than 3.5 meq/lit s/o hypokalemia whereas in 99 patients (82.5%) serum potassium was found to be within normal range (3.5-5.5 meq/lit). There was no patient with hyperkalemia in our study. Conclusion: Electrolyte imbalance is a common occurrence in children presenting with acute diarrhoea and needs to be diagnosed early so as to prevent complications of severe dyselectrolytemia.

Rickets is a common condition affecting the paediatric patients in developing countries including India. It is usually secondary to nutritional deficiency of vitamin D. Children are predisposed to this condition if the dietary requirements of vitamin D are not met. This type of rickets is called nutritional rickets and it can be corrected by supplementation of vitamin D and calcium. But there are some other rare types of rickets which are seen secondary to renal defects. These include distal renal tubular acidosis, proximal renal tubular acidosis, vitamin D dependent rickets and hypophosphatemic rickets. The children suffering from rickets secondary to these disorders may not respond to usual doses of calcium and vitamin D. Proper diagnosis and management is required in these cases. We here present a case of 3 year old male child who presented to us with delayed walking, failure to thrive, irritability, recurrent episodes of vomitings, abdominal pain and dehydration. The patient eventually was found to be having rickets secondary to distal renal tubular acidosis.

Abstract:Background: To study the perinatal outcome in Oligohydramnios (AFI < 5) at term & find out incidence of relation of maternal high risk factors. Methods: A Prospective cohort study of 30 women diagnosed to be having Oligohydramnios on ultrasound at 37 weeks of pregnancy was conducted in an obstetric hospital situated in an urban area. The patients were enrolled in this study on the basis of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed history was taken in all the patients. General and systemic examination was done. Perinatal Outcome was studied in terms of birth asphyxia, presence of anomalies, need for admission to NICU and neonatal mortality. Odds ratio were calculated at appropriate associations. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. The data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS 16.0 version software. Results: Our study found that Oligohydramnios at term pregnancy was associated with increased incidence of nonreactive NST, meconium stained amniotic fluid, birth asphyxia, respiratory distress immediately after birth, congenital anomalies, need for admission to NICU and neonatal mortality. Conclusions: Oligohydramnios diagnosed on ultrasound at or after term (37 weeks) is associated with adverse perinatal outcome. The possibility of congenital anomalies, birth asphyxia and need for NICU admission in immediate postnatal period makes it necessary that such patients be delivered at an appropriate centre having NICU facilities.