Background and Objectives: Raised intraocular pressure is a well-known causative risk factor for the development of glaucoma. It is also the only component of glaucoma that is amenable to medical or surgical intervention, provided it is detected early enough. The measurement of intraocular pressure has evolved over time with the advent of a myriad of newer tonometers -one such being the non-contact tonometer. This study has been embarked upon with the objective of comparing the non-contact tonometer with the gold standard. Goldmann applanation tonometer versus the Schiotz tonometer, one of the most popularly used tonometers in the developing world. It also aims to establish the value of the non-contact tonometer as a screening tool. Materials and Methods: 200 purposively selected patients were subjected to three methods of tonometry; Goldmann applanation tonometry, Perkins Tonometry and Schiotz indentation tonometry (with the 5.5g, 7.5g and 10g weights); on both eyes. Three recordings were obtained with each method and the arithmetic mean taken as the intraocular pressure. The data was statistically analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient. Results:The non-contact tonometer showed excellent agreement with the Goldmann applanation tonometer compared to the Schiotz tonometer which showed only a fair agreement. Interestingly, the left eyes showed better agreement on noncontact tonometry than the right eyes, a phenomenon we attribute to apprehension of the patients on their first experience with the air puff. The non-contact tonometer also scored high as an effective screening tool. Conclusion: The non-contact tonometer compares favorably with the Goldmann applanation tonometer and can be reliably used as a screening tool. However, in view of the varying degrees of comparison between the two eyes, its role in monitoring glaucomatous eyes needs to be further evaluated.

Background: Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of dryness, grittiness, redness, burning sensation or any discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability leading to potential damage to ocular surface. The tear film consists of three layers starting from within outwards mucus, the aqueous layer and the lipid layer. The tear film and ocular surface form a complex and stable system that can lose its equilibrium through numerous disturbing factors. Studies which also involve tests of tear functions including Schirmer's test, Tear break-up time, Fluorescein staining for determination of dry eye have found generally low prevalence rates.Hence the physiology of tear film and its binding with the eye shows that there is some involvement of serum calcium level with dry eye. The present study encourages us to assess the role of serum calcium level with patients of dry eye. Aims and Objective: To assess the role of calcium with dry eye. Material and Methods: Total 90 subjects (30 cases and 60 controls) who met the selection criteria were included in the study.

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most common medical disorders during pregnancy, affecting 6-8% of all pregnancies. Around 16-25% of 1st pregnancy &12-15% of subsequent pregnancies8. Ocular fundus changes are found in 40% to 100% of pregnant women with raised blood pressure, whose severity correlates with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia. In hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, ophthalmic manifestations include conjunctival vasculopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, exudative retinal detachment, hypertensive choroidopathy. The retina is involved due to the basic pathology of vasospasm and increased capillary permeability, the consequences of vascular endothelial dysfunction. Rare complications were reversible cortical blindness, and extra-ocular muscle palsy have been documented. Methodology: The present study was conducted in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Ophthalmology at Dr. Vasantrao Pawar Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Nashik , Maharashtra. All the 182 cases included in this study underwent indirect ophthalmoscopy during the study period of 2 years (August 2018 to December 2020). Patients were collected from ANC clinic of department of obstetrics and Gynaecology OPD. Results: Prevalence of abnormal fundus findings was 10.1% in grade I hypertension while it was 100% in cases with grade II and III hypertension. A significant association was observed between severity of hypertension and abnormal fundus findings (p<0.01). Prevalence of abnormal fundus findings was 0% among cases with no proteinuria while it was 85.7% in cases with grade 1+ proteinuria. All the cases with grade 2+ or more proteinuria had abnormal fundus findings. A significant association was observed between severity of proteinuria and abnormal fundus findings (p<0.01). No association was observed between laboratory parameters like haemoglobin, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen levels with abnormal fundus findings (p>0.05). Conclusion: As these vascular changes in the retina usually correlate with the severity of the systemic hypertension, the eyes can truly be considered a mirror to the otherwise elusive vascular changes occurring elsewhere in the body. It thus stands to reason that observing the retinal changes holds the ability to prognosticate and also determine the severity of the disease. Fundoscopy is an essential investigation that needs to be done in all cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with special emphasis in younger and primigravida women.

Background:To conduct an effective ROP screening program according to the Indian standard needs and to identify the infants who could benefit from treatment and make appropriate recommendations on the timing of future screening. Aims and Objectives: To estimate the incidence of ROP among Premature infants. Materials and Methods: A Prospective Observational study of 2 years in which 170 patients were screened with following criteria: GA at birth of ≤35 weeks, BW <1700 gms, exposed to oxygen >30days, other factors that can increase the risk of ROP and where screening should be considered are premature babies >37 weeks and >1700gms but with the first screening was done within 4 weeks (30 days) of life in infants with age >28 weeks of GA, 2-3 weeks after birth if GA <28 weeks or BW is <1200gms. Results: Out of the 170 babies screened 35 babies had ROP. Incidence of ROP in our study was 20.59%. The sensitivity of AAP and UKRCPCH guidelines to ours were 77.14% and 60% respectively. Conclusion: ROP may be seen in heavier and larger babies in India that have consequently a shorter window period for development of ROP, Hence, a criteria screening even larger babies should be taken into consideration.