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Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of preventable blindness. Sufficient knowledge about the disease can prevent sight threatening complications. Aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and its influence on attitude and practice in diabetic retinopathy among patients attending a primary health centre.Methods: A knowledge attitude practice questionnaire was prepared and pretested in a sample group of representative population. The response was analyzed as to whether the questions were understood or not. Social workers were trained in administering questionnaire. Diabetic patients were given questionnaires at primary health centre and filled in the presence of social workers.Results: Out of 324 patients 60.8% had no knowledge of diabetic retinopathy compared to 39.19% who had knowledge (p <0.001). Knowledge was more in age <40 years (82.60%) and least in 51-60 years (29.34%) (p<0.001) and more among females (38.59%) than males (61.4%). Knowledge was significantly higher among upper socioeconomic group (77.8%). About 83.46% in knowledge group had right attitude which was significantly higher than non knowledge group (32.48%) (p<0.001).  42.51% in knowledge group had practice of visiting ophthalmologist for eye check-up which was significantly higher than non knowledge group (13.19%) (p<0.001).Conclusions: The attitude and practice of diabetic retinopathy was statistically significant in knowledge group compared to those who had no knowledge of diabetic retinopathy. Improving knowledge about diabetic retinopathy through awareness campaigns can increase attitude and practice. Early detection can help in preventing sight threatening complications of diabetic retinopathy.

Background: Technical difficulties in placement of whole 10-20 electrode system is not uncommon in neonates and infants. Apart from the full channel many centers uses the modified and amplitude integrated EEG montages to identify seizures. Objective: Efficacy of standard, modified and amplitude integrated EEG electrode placement in infants to detect epileptiform abnormalities. Methods: All routine EEGs from June 2015 to April 2018 were taken. Age ≤ 2years at the time of recoding was the inclusion criteria. Digital EEG was performed according to standard 10-20 electrode placement system in all patients. Abnormal EEGs were reanalyzed in different montages like A) 21 electrodes- full channel, B) 10 electrodes- modified long distance and C)4 electrodes- (centro/parietal) respectively. Inter ictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), seizures, periodic complexes and non-specific dysfunctions were tabulated in all patients. Full channel montages are considered bench mark for the analysis Results: A total 129 EEGs analyzed. A) Full channel standard 21 electrodes montages could identify IEDs in 35, non-specific electrophysiological dysfunction in 9 and burst-suppression pattern in 2 EEGs. B) Modified electrode placement consists of 10 electrodes could identify IEDs only in 26 EEGs and non-specific electro physiological dysfunction in 6 EEGs. A total of 28 nonconvulsive seizures (NCS) recorded in 6 patients; 20 numbers of NCS (71.4%) seen in modified electrode placement (B) and only 16 (57.1%) seen in centro/parietal electrode placement (C).. Conclusion: Standard EEG electrode placement has higher yield in detecting epileptiform abnormalities.

Narcolepsy is a rare disorder of sleep wake cycle which can result in persistent excessive day time sleepiness. It is due to the deficiency of the Orexin/Hypocretin in the body. Most of these cases are reported in young adults and are difficult to diagnose early. This can lead to serious impairments in social and occupational settings if not promptly treated. Thus we are reporting an interesting case of a teenager who presented with falls. He was diagnosed with nocturnal Polysomnography followed by Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), and he significantly benefitted from treatment with Modafinil.