Background Thyroglossal tract anomalies are the most common cause of midline neck swelling. Thyroglossal cysts present between the base of the tongue and cricoid cartilage as painless, midline swelling that moves on deglutition and protrusion of the tongue. If the thyroglossal cyst gets infected or is violated surgically, it can result in a thyroglossal sinus or fistula. Investigations in patients with suspected thyroglossal cysts include a thyroid function test, ultrasonography of the neck, and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be done for larger cysts or suspected malignancies. The gold standard treatment is Sistrunk surgery. Recurrence rates with Sistrunk surgery are lower when the surgery is performed accurately. This study was conducted to document the clinical presentation and treatment outcome in patients treated for thyroglossal tract anomalies. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 46 medical case records of patients operated on for thyroglossal tract anomalies at a rural tertiary care hospital from April 1995 to April 2021. Patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated with a detailed history, various clinical presentations, location, extent of anomalies, and thyroid function test results documented. Ultrasound images were reviewed, and the findings were documented. All patients have consent, and they underwent Sistrunk surgery. Patients in whom the normal thyroid gland was found to be absent were started on replacement thyroxine after surgery. The specimen was subjected to histopathological examination by a senior pathologist. The outcome regarding complications, recurrence, and further treatment were reviewed. The outcome of the thyroglossal fistula was compared with that of thyroglossal cysts, and the outcome of infrahyoid thyroglossal tract anomalies was compared with that of suprahyoid thyroglossal tract anomalies. Results In this study, among the 46 patients, 24 (52.2%) were female and 22 (47.8%) were male. The minimum age was three years, the maximum was 58, and the mean was 20.6 years. In this study, 71.7% of the patients were diagnosed with thyroglossal cysts, 10.9% had thyroglossal fistulas, and two had lingual thyroids. The most common location of the cyst was infrahyoid (73.9%). 44 patients underwent Sistrunk surgery, and two patients diagnosed with lingual thyroid underwent excision. Three patients had complications (two pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas, one wound dehiscence), and all were managed conservatively. There were no recurrences in our study. Conclusion Thyroglossal tract anomalies are the most common congenital cervical anomalies. A complete Sistrunk procedure includes the removal of the entire thyroglossal tract, inclusive of the body of the hyoid bone along with the cuff of base tongue tissue, and gives the best result for thyroglossal tract anomalies.

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years) having congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt who underwent surgical correction were studied. Intra-operative mean pulmonary arterial pressures were measured before and after surgical correction. Lung biopsy was taken from the medial aspect of the upper lobe to study the histopathological changes of lung parenchyma and vasculature.Results: All patients, irrespective of age at the time of surgical repair and the type and size of the cardiac defect had raised mean pulmonary arterial pressures. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure dropped significantly from mean of 38.8 mm Hg to 19.9 mm Hg immediately after surgical correction of left-to-right shunt. Pulmonary parenchymal changes were noted in 18 patients. Alveolar septal lymphocytosis was the most common parenchymal change and was found in 50% of cases. Alveolar septal fibrosis, hemorrhage and hemosiderosis were found in 25%, 40%, and 30% cases respectively. Pleural lymphocytosis and fibrosis were found in 40% and 15% cases respectively. Heath-Edwards Grade I vascular change was observed in 8 patients (40%). Grade II vascular change was noted in 1 patient who underwent VSD closure. In rest of the 11 patients, pulmonary vasculature showed no hypertensive changes. Medial wall thickness varied from 7 to 20% (average 11.65  3.86%).Conclusions: The mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased significantly immediately after surgical correction of the shunt. The pulmonary vascular changes including Heath-Edwards grading and Medial wall thickness were significantly correlated with the mean pulmonary arterial pressures. The pulmonary parenchymal changes were a very consistent finding; though these were not significantly correlated with the mean pulmonary arterial pressures. We suggest a similar study on long-term follow up of these patients to know the reversibility of pulmonary histopathological changes and its correlation with the pulmonary arterial pressures. But the limitation is subjecting these patients for lung biopsy again. ALCAPA Repair-4 year single institute experienceRaghu,